Income tax: exempt income of international organisations and persons connected with them

This Ruling considers the income of international organisations and persons connected with international organisations that is exempt income. The income is made exempt by section 6-20 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) because of the application of the International Organisations (Privileges and Immunities) Act 1963 (IOPI Act). [1] The IOPI Act provides for the conferral, by regulation, of privileges and immunities (including specified tax exemptions) on international organisations and persons connected with them.

This Ruling does not consider excise duty, goods and services tax and other indirect taxes that may be paid by international organisations and persons connected with them.

The views expressed in this Ruling are those of the Commissioner of Taxation, applying for the purpose of the interpretation of income tax law. [2] They do not extend to the interpretation of privileges and immunities for other purposes.

This Ruling updates the views expressed in: • Taxation Ruling TR 92/14 Income tax: taxation privileges and immunities of prescribed International Organisations and their staff, and • Taxation Determination TD 92/153 Income tax: who is a 'person who holds an office' as specified in various regulations made under the International Organisations (Privileges and Immunities) Act 1963?

TR 92/14 and TD 92/153 were withdrawn with effect from 27 March 2019, the date of issue of draft Taxation Ruling TR 2019/D1 Income tax: income of international organisations and persons connected with them that is exempt from income tax (now withdrawn) when this Ruling was first issued in draft.

This Ruling takes into account the decisions of the High Court in Macoun v Commissioner of Taxation [2015] HCA 44 ( Macoun ) and Commissioner of Taxation v Jayasinghe [2017] HCA 26 ( Jayasinghe ).

An amount of income is exempt income under section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997 if it is exempted from income tax by this Act [3] or another Commonwealth law. The IOPI Act is another Commonwealth law for the purposes of section 6-20. The exemption in section 6-20 includes income exempted by the IOPI Act of: • international organisations • persons connected with international organisations.

This Ruling considers when: • an international organisation is covered by the IOPI Act, and • a person is connected with an international organisation.

The IOPI Act sets out the taxation exemptions that can be conferred on an international organisation to which it applies. [4] These are exemptions from: • taxation for the organisation, its income, property, assets and transactions [5] • the liability (including the obligation) to collect taxes [6] , and • the taxation of obligations and securities issued or guaranteed by the organisation, and of interest and dividends on such obligations and securities. [7]

The IOPI Act applies to an international organisation if regulations declare it to be an international organisation for the purposes of the IOPI Act. This is done by making regulations under the IOPI Act for that particular international organisation. [8] The conditions for, and the extent of, the exemptions from taxation [9] are set out in the particular Regulations [10] for that organisation.

There are differences in the scope of exemptions and concessions (and the levels and conditions that they may be subject to) conferred on international organisations. The exemptions and concessions are often granted at the time an international organisation is established in Australia or expands their representation or engagement here, based upon their current and future needs as envisaged at that time. These exemptions and concessions can vary significantly between international organisations and it is necessary to review the particular Regulations that apply to an international organisation when determining, for example: • whether income of that organisation, or of persons connected with that organisation, is exempt income • whether the organisation is subject to a particular taxation liability, or • how other taxation obligations apply in relation to that organisation or persons connected with it (for example, pay as you go (PAYG) withholding and fringe benefits tax).

Section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997 applies to any income of an international organisation that satisfies the conditions for the exemption under the IOPI Act and related regulations to characterise it as exempt income of that organisation for income tax purposes.

An international organisation may be exempted from the liability (including the obligation) to collect taxes, which can include PAYG withholding from salaries and wages of its employees. [11] The particular Regulations for an international organisation specify whether this exemption applies to it.

Even if the exemption in paragraph 13 of this Ruling does not apply, an international organisation is not required to collect PAYG withholding from salaries and emoluments it pays to a person connected with the organisation where that income is wholly exempted for that person by the IOPI Act. This is because an entity is not required to withhold from an amount it pays to another entity if the whole of that payment is exempt income of the entity receiving the payment. [12]

The IOPI Act sets out the taxation exemptions that can be conferred upon certain persons currently connected with an international organisation. [13] Table 1 of this Ruling outlines the categories of persons, the legislative provisions and paragraphs of this Ruling that apply to them. Table 1: Categories of persons connected with an international organisation and the legislative provisions and corresponding sections of this Ruling that apply to them Category of person References in the IOPI Act Paragraphs of this Ruling that apply A person who holds, or is performing the duties of, an office prescribed by regulations to be a high office Paragraph 6(1)(b) Part I of the Second Schedule 22–23 A person who is accredited to, or is in attendance at an international conference convened by an international organisation Paragraph 6(1)(c) Part I of the Third Schedule 24 A person who holds an office in an international organisation (but who is not a holder of a high office) Paragraph 6(1)(d) Part I of the Fourth Schedule 25–36 A person who is serving on a committee, or is participating in the work of, or is performing a mission on behalf of an international organisation Paragraph 6(1)(e) Part I of the Fifth Schedule 37–49 A person connected in a specified way with an international organisation Paragraph 6(1)(f) Part I of the Second, Third, Fourth or Fifth Schedule 50–51

Whether a person comes within a category of persons and therefore is connected with an international organisation has to be determined taking into account the facts and circumstances of their situation. This includes considering the substance of the terms of engagement between that person and the organisation, the role, functions or tasks that the person has been engaged to perform and the relationship between those facts and circumstances that and the organisation performing its functions. [14]

Paragraph 63 of this Ruling sets out information that the Commissioner will accept as documentary evidence that a person has the requisite connection to an international organisation.

The IOPI Act exempts the income of a person connected with an international organisation from income tax where all of the following are satisfied and to the extent they are satisfied: • the income is received from an international organisation to which the IOPI Act applies (see paragraph 10 of this Ruling) • the person is connected with the international organisation in one of the ways set out in Table 1 of this Ruling, and • the Regulations for the international organisation – provide an exemption for the income of a person connected with the international organisation in that way, and – the conditions and other particulars provided in relation to that exemption are satisfied.

Where these requirements are met, section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997 characterises this income as exempt income of that person for income tax purposes.

For the purposes of the IOPI Act, a reference to a person should be read as a reference to an individual.

Section 2C of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 does not affect this position. That section provides that in any Act, expressions used to denote persons generally include a body politic or corporate as well as an individual. However, a body corporate, including a company, is not able to do the things itself required to make them a person connected with an international organisation. For example, a company cannot itself occupy a position to be a holder of an office or serve on a committee, participate in the work of, or perform a mission on behalf of an international organisation.

A person who holds a high office is usually a senior officer of the international organisation or their deputy, for example, the Secretary General, President or Director of the international organisation. (See paragraphs 25 to 36 of this Ruling for more information on who is an office holder of an international organisation.) An office of an international organisation is only a 'high office' if it has been prescribed as such by the Regulations for that international organisation.

The holder of a high office may be conferred the same privileges and immunities as those given to a diplomatic agent under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. [15] These include exemption from all dues and taxes, personal or real, national, regional or municipal, subject to a number of exceptions including taxes on private immovable property in Australia, private income sourced in Australia and investments in commercial undertakings in Australia. [16]

A person who is accredited to, or is in attendance at, an international conference convened by an international organisation may be provided with similar privileges and immunities as those given to a diplomatic agent. [17] For income tax, this includes the same privileges referred to in paragraph 23 of this Ruling.

A person who holds an office in an international organisation, but who does not hold a high office (see paragraph 22 of this Ruling), may be exempted from taxation on salary and emoluments received from an international organisation. [18]

The exemption at paragraph 25 of this Ruling may be limited or subject to conditions by regulations made for international organisations. For example, certain regulations may preclude this exemption from tax where an 'office holder' is either an Australian citizen or permanent resident of Australia as those terms are understood for migration purposes. [19]

The IOPI Act does not define the term 'office' or the phrase 'holds an office in an international organisation'. The term 'office' cannot be defined by reference to permanence or succession. [20] Whether a person holds or performs the duties of an office in an international organisation concerns the relationship between the person and that organisation with the incidents of that relationship depending on the terms of the person's engagement. [21] The centrality of the terms of engagement to the inquiry required reflects the fact that the IOPI Act can, and does, apply to a variety of international organisations. [22] The substance of the terms of the engagement of the person and the relationship between that engagement and the organisation performing its functions must be considered. [23]

The High Court in Jayasinghe [24] considered the phrase 'a person who holds an office in an international organisation (footnotes omitted): The phrase "a person who holds an office in an international organisation" directs attention to the structure of the organisation and the place of the person within it. The holder of an "office" in such an organisation may be expected to have a position to which certain duties attach, duties relating to the performance of the organisation's functions and a level of authority with respect to the organisation. The position of the person within the international organisation and the duties and authority associated with it should render explicable why the privileges and immunities are conferred. By comparison, a person whose terms of engagement place them outside the organisational structure, and do not provide that person with any defined duties or authority with respect to the organisation and its functions, could hardly be said to hold an office within the organisation.

There are 6 criteria for determining whether a person can be said to hold an office in an international organisation, being [25] : • 4 positive criteria – a position to which certain duties attach – the office must exist within the international organisation regardless of the individual who occupies the office from time to time [26] – duties relating to the performance of the organisation's functions – the office must have identifiable duties, functions and responsibilities or powers – a level of authority with respect to the organisation – the position of the person within the international organisation, and the duties and authority associated with it, should make it apparent why the privileges and immunities are conferred • 2 negative criteria, the presence of which would indicate the person is not an office holder – the position places the person outside the organisational structure – the position does not provide the person with any defined duties or authority with respect to the organisation and its functions.

The duties and authority associated with the person's position in the international organisation are relevant to whether the income tax exemption applies to salaries and emoluments paid to that person by the organisation. A person is unlikely to be an 'office holder' if their terms of engagement place them outside the organisational structure and do not include defined duties or authority in relation to the organisation and its functions. [27] This is consistent with the purpose of the IOPI Act to confer privileges and immunities to assist organisations to perform their functions, rather than to personally benefit persons connected with the organisation. [28]

Therefore, an office holder can include a person who works as an employee of the international organisation, but an office holder does not include a person (whether an employee or not) who is: • locally engaged and paid an hourly rate, or • engaged as an expert or consultant.

Whether someone is an office holder is a matter of fact to be considered on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, this may change over time as a person's duties, functions and responsibilities change. It is something that must be considered and evaluated on a regular basis.

The following examples illustrate the concept of a person who is an office holder:

Chris is employed by an organisation that is an international organisation covered by the IOPI Act (as per the Regulations for that organisation). The Regulations provide that income received from the organisation by an office holder of the organisation is income tax exempt and that there are no further conditions or particulars that apply to that exemption. Chris leads a team that provides ongoing professional advice which the organisation relies on to carry out its core functions. Chris has significant organisational responsibilities and functions, including developing organisational strategy and managing employees. He is able to engage and enter contracts and make financial commitments on behalf of the organisation. Chris is a person who is an office holder for the purposes of the IOPI Act.

Any income that Chris receives from the international organisation in his capacity as an office holder is exempt income because the requirements for an income tax exemption to apply, as outlined in paragraph 18 of this Ruling, are satisfied: • The IOPI Act applies to the organisation as it is an international organisation. • Chris is a person connected with an international organisation as he is an office holder of the organisation. • The Regulations for the organisation provide that the income paid to an office holder is exempt income. • The Regulations for the organisation do not provide for any additional conditions or other particulars that need to be satisfied for the exemption to apply (noting that if such conditions or particulars had applied, they would need to be satisfied in full before the income tax exemption could apply).

Kylie, a management consultant, is engaged by an international organisation on a short-term contract to undertake an operational review of that organisation. Kylie's sole task is to complete the review, with her engagement ending upon its completion. She has the legal status of an independent contractor, serving in her individual capacity and with no authority or other right to enter into any legal or financial commitments on behalf of the international organisation. The position that Kylie occupies does not exist either before or after her engagement. None of the functions she performs will continue to be performed after she completes her engagement. Kylie is not a person who is an office holder for the purposes of the IOPI Act and the income Kylie receives for the engagement is not exempt from income tax.

Persons who serve on a committee, participate in the work of an international organisation, or perform a mission on behalf of an international organisation can be exempted from taxation of salaries and emoluments they receive from the organisation. [29] Whether these persons are entitled to an exemption from taxation of salaries and emoluments must be determined in accordance with paragraph 18 of this Ruling.

This category of persons focuses on the activities undertaken by the respective persons. The references to the activities 'serving on a committee' 'participating in the work of an international organisation' or 'performing a mission on behalf of an international organisation', are interpreted using their ordinary meaning. The reference to the activities must then be read in context.

A person needs to be representing the organisation to be considered to be 'serving' on a committee of an international organisation. The committee would generally be an external-facing committee of the international organisation – that is, one that facilitates it to carry out its core work.

A person participating in the work of an international organisation requires that person to undertake 'the work of the organisation'. This requires identifying what is 'the work of the organisation'. Whether or not the activity undertaken is properly characterised as 'the work of the organisation' will usually be identified by reference to the central object of that international organisation. For example, a person working for an international organisation whose mission is to prevent hunger and starvation would be participating in the work of the international organisation if they are working at a food aid distribution station set up by the organisation in a country where severe food shortages were occurring. It would not be satisfied merely because a person works for the international organisation. For example, a person who merely works in the administration of an international organisation is not as such participating in 'the work' of the organisation.

For a person to perform a mission on behalf of an international organisation requires the person doing that to represent the organisation to someone else. This connotates some interaction between the international organisation and someone else where the person acts on behalf of the organisation, even if that is only temporarily.

Examples of persons serving on a committee, participating in the work of, or performing a mission on behalf of an international organisation may include: • experts • consultants • other persons engaged by the organisation to perform a specific act or thing.

However, the exemption discussed in paragraph 37 of this Ruling may be limited or subject to conditions, such as where the person is rendering the services in Australia and is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes. To the extent that the exemption is limited or subject to conditions in relation to a particular international organisation, it will be specified in the Regulations for that organisation. See, for example: • Asian Development Bank [30] • Customs Co-operation Council [31] • International Court of Justice [32] • the following United Nations Specialized Agencies – International Monetary Fund – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – International Finance Corporation – International Development Association. [33]

George is a resident of Australia for income tax purposes. George is engaged directly by an international organisation, in his individual capacity as a technical adviser, to travel to a country to undertake a targeted review, on behalf of the organisation, of the operation of a particular part of the health system. In doing so, he is undertaking the work as a representative of the international organisation, including being present in the country and having its officials interact with him in that capacity.

The international organisation is covered by the IOPI Act (as set out in the Regulations for that organisation). The Regulations provide that income received from the organisation by an expert or consultant performing a mission on behalf of the international organisation is income tax exempt. However, the Regulations state that the exemption is denied if the person is an Australian resident, in respect of any services that are rendered in Australia.

The review requires George to travel to the country and make his observations – which encompasses 30 of the 50 days of his engagement. He then comes home to Australia to write a report with recommendations for improvements, which encompass the other 20 days of his engagement. George completes his engagement upon finalising his report.

George has no authority or other right to enter into any legal or financial commitments on behalf of the international organisation. The position that George occupies does not exist either before or after his engagement. None of the functions he performs will continue to be performed after he completes his engagement. George is an expert or consultant performing a mission on behalf of an international organisation for the purposes of the IOPI Act.

The portion of the payments that George receives from the organisation that relates to the period he rendered his services outside of Australia for 30 days is income tax exempt. This is because the requirements for an income tax exemption to apply, as outlined in paragraph 18 of this Ruling, are satisfied for that portion of the payments: • The IOPI Act applies to the organisation as it is an international organisation. • George is a person connected with an international organisation as he is an expert or consultant performing a mission on behalf of that international organisation. • The Regulations for the organisation provide for an exemption from income tax for income paid to an expert or consultant performing a mission on behalf of that organisation. • This portion of the payments satisfies the additional conditions and particulars for the exemption to apply, because it relates to the services that George rendered while he was outside of Australia in the overseas country.

The portion of the payments that George receives from the organisation that relates to the period he rendered his services in Australia for 20 days is assessable income and therefore taxable. This is because this amount is not income tax exempt as it does not satisfy all the requirements for an income tax exemption to apply that are outlined in paragraph 18 of this Ruling – specifically, the additional conditions and particulars for the exemption specified in the Regulations which provide that the exemption is available only in respect of services rendered outside of Australia.

This category of persons allows privileges and immunities, including an exemption from taxation, to be conferred to categories of persons of an international organisation that have a designation that is not prescribed in the IOPI Act. This category of persons for a particular international organisation, if it applies, is specified in the regulations for that international organisation.

Once nominated in the Regulations for that international organisation, each category of persons is then assigned privileges and immunities under one of the Second, Third, Fourth or Fifth Schedules to the IOPI Act. This could include an exemption from taxation. Whether these persons are entitled to an exemption from taxation of salaries and emoluments must be determined in accordance with paragraph 18 of this Ruling.

There are no taxation exemptions for persons who were formerly connected with an international organisation. [34]

The IOPI Act and the regulations distinguish between persons currently connected with an international organisation (see paragraph 15 of this Ruling) and those who have stopped or ceased being connected. [35] The privileges and immunities differ depending on this status. Part I of each of the Second to Fifth Schedules to the IOPI Act (that provide privileges concerning taxation) only apply to persons currently connected with an international organisation. Part II of each of those Schedules that apply to persons formerly connected with international organisations does not provide any privileges concerning taxation. [36] (See paragraphs 56 to 58 of this Ruling in relation to pensions.)

This distinction is consistent with the purpose of the IOPI Act to confer privileges and immunities to assist organisations to perform their functions, rather than to personally benefit persons connected with the organisation. [37] The latter occurs if a person was provided an exemption from taxation for amounts they received after their connection with an international organisation ceased (even if that amount was a consequence of that earlier connection, for example, an employment termination payment or a pension).

Therefore, section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997 does not apply to the income of a person formerly connected with an international organisation as the IOPI Act does not confer any taxation exemptions upon such a person.

A pension received by a former office holder in an international organisation is not exempted from tax in Australia. This is because the IOPI Act does not extend tax exemptions to persons formerly connected with an international organisation. (See paragraphs 52 to 55 of this Ruling.)

For income of an office holder to be exempted by the IOPI Act, the income must be received: • as a salary or emolument • while the person is an officer of an international organisation, and • from the relevant international organisation itself (rather than from a retirement or superannuation fund). [38]

Pension payments do not generally satisfy these conditions as they are not received by a person while they are an office holder, nor are they paid by an international organisation. Further, a pension cannot be an emolument because it does not flow from the occupation of an office; it flows only on and from ceasing that office. [39]

Salaries or emoluments exempt from Australian tax under the IOPI Act and under section 6-20 of the ITAA 1997 are not taken into account in calculating the Australian tax on other assessable income derived by the person.

This contrasts to foreign remuneration and earnings of a person working overseas that may be exempt from Australian tax under sections 23AF or 23AG of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. These are subject to what is referred to as 'exemption with progression', where they are taken into account in calculating the Australian tax on the person's other assessable income (although these amounts themselves are not subject to tax).

This Ruling applies both before and after its date of issue. However, the Ruling will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Ruling (see paragraphs 75 to 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10 Public Rulings ).

An international organisation should apply the concepts outlined in this Ruling when determining whether a person is: • a high office holder • accredited to, or in attendance at, an international conference convened by an international organisation • an office holder, or • serving on a committee, participating in the work of the international organisation, or performing a mission on behalf of the international organisation.

If it does, the Commissioner will accept, as documentary evidence that a person is connected with an international organisation, subject to any evidence to the contrary, a statement from the organisation that contains: • the name of the person • a statement that the person is connected with that organisation, and • the capacity in which the person is connected (such as high office, office holder or other named capacity).

If you are uncertain about whether payments you receive from an international organisation that you may be connected with are assessable income or exempt income, you may apply for a private ruling.