Income tax and fringe benefits tax: Members of Parliament - allowances, reimbursements, donations and gifts, benefits, deductions and recoupments

This Ruling applies to Members of the Commonwealth House of Representatives and of the Senate, Members of State Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils, Members of the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assemblies, and Ministers of the Crown (Ministers), collectively referred to in this Ruling as Members.

This Ruling deals with: (a) the assessability of allowances and reimbursements received by Members; (b) the assessability of donations and gifts received by Members; (c) the assessability of the benefits received under frequent flyer programs; (d) the taxation treatment of life gold passes and severance passes used by Members; (e) the deductibility of losses or outgoings commonly claimed by Members; and (f) the recoupment of deductible expenses.

The Ruling also discusses paragraphs 26(e) and 26(eaa) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) and whether deductions are allowable or are specifically excluded (or limited) under subsection 26-20(1); section 8-1, 25-60, 26-30 or 26-45; Division 32, 34 or 42 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997 [1] ); or section 51AGA or 51AH of the ITAA 1936.

This Ruling is confined to the taxation treatment of transactions arising from a Member's Parliamentary, electorate, party or portfolio activities referred to in this Ruling as 'work-related' activities.

A reference to a provision in the ITAA 1997 should be read as a reference to any equivalent provision in the ITAA 1936. The following table cross references the provisions of the ITAA 1997 to the corresponding provisions of the ITAA 1936. ITAA 1997 ITAA 1936 Subject 1997-98 and later 1996-97 and earlier Ordinary income section 6-5 subsection 25(1) Ordinary deductions section 8-1 subsection 51(1) Rates or taxes sections 8-1, 20-20, 20-40 subsection 51(1), section 72 Assessable recoupments section 20-20 sections 69, 72, 74 Tax-related expenses section 25-5, 20-25 section 69 Election expenses sections 25-60, 20-20, 20-35 section 74 Election expenses do not extend to entertainment section 25-70 section 74B Penalty expenses section 26-5 subsection 51(4) HECS and student assistance subsection 26-20(1) subsection 51(6) Relative travel expenses section 26-30 section 51AG Related entities section 26-35 section 65 Recreational club expenses section 26-45 subsection 51AB(4) Entertainment expenses Division 32 section 51AE Deduction for entertainment section 32-5 subsection 51AE(4) Non compulsory uniform Division 34 section 51AL Occupational specific clothing subsection 34-20(1) subsection 51AL(26) in part Car depreciation limit section 42-80 section 57AF Depreciation rate sections 42-125, 42-130, 42-135 section 55 Reducing depreciation deductions subsection 42-170(1) section 61 Substantiation Division 900 Schedule 2B Meaning of work expense subsection 900-30 Division 2 of Schedule 2B Written evidence Subdivision 900-E Division 5 of Schedule 2B Relief from effects of failing to substantiate Subdivision 900-H Division 8 of Schedule 2B Definitions section 995-1 subsection 6(1)

Taxation Rulings IT 2331 and IT 2532 are withdrawn. To the extent that our views in these Rulings still apply, we have incorporated them in this Ruling.

Taxation Ruling IT 2258 is withdrawn except insofar as it applies to expenses incurred in contesting an election for membership of a local governing body. To the extent that our views in that Ruling still apply to Members, we have incorporated them in this Ruling.

A payment is an allowance when a Member is paid a definite predetermined amount to cover an estimated expense. It is an amount contributed towards an expected expense, and is made regardless of whether the Member incurs the expected expense. The spending of the allowance is at the complete discretion of the Member.

The receipt of an allowance does not, in itself, entitle a Member to a deduction (see paragraphs 91 to 93).

Members commonly receive the following types of allowances, in addition to their Parliamentary 'salaries' (see paragraphs 42 to 45). Particular allowances may vary depending on the Parliament in which a Member serves. • Committee allowance • Daily expense allowance • Electorate allowance • Expense or entertainment allowance • Opposition spokespersons' allowance • Postage allowance • Printing and stationery allowance • Private vehicle allowance/motor vehicle allowance • Telephone allowance • Travel allowance.

Members should return allowances (and Parliamentary 'salaries'), with the exception of those allowances referred to at paragraph 12, as assessable income. The fact that members may claim certain deductions in respect of losses or outgoings arising from the activity to which the allowance is directed does not affect assessability.

Because of a Withholding Variation, most domestic travel allowances for accommodation, food, drink or incidentals or overseas travel allowances for food, drink or incidentals will not be shown on a Member's payment summary (see Withholding Variation applicable to travel allowances paragraphs 57 to 64). Travel allowances not shown on a Members payment summary are not required to be returned as assessable income on their tax return if: (i) the travel allowance received is a bona fide travel allowance; and (ii) the travel allowance is used for travel related expenses; and (iii) the travel allowance received does not exceed the amounts considered reasonable by the Commissioner for substantiation purposes; and (iv) the Member chooses not to claim deductions for relevant expenses in his or her income tax return.

If a Member is compensated for an expense already incurred, the payment is a reimbursement (paragraphs 65 to 70).

If a reimbursement of a deductible expense is a fringe benefit under the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986 (FBTAA), any deduction otherwise allowable to a Member is reduced by the amount of the reimbursement (section 51AH of the ITAA 1936). The amount reimbursed does not form part of a Member's assessable income.

Where a non-deductible reimbursement is a fringe benefit, the entity that makes the reimbursement may be subject to fringe benefits tax (FBT) (e.g., refund of child care expenses). The amount reimbursed does not form part of a Member's assessable income.

If a Member receives a payment in respect of motor vehicle expenses that is based on the distance travelled by the motor vehicle, e.g., cents per kilometre, the amount is to be included in the Member's assessable income under paragraph 26(eaa) of the ITAA 1936.

Where a reimbursement is a 'recoupment', as defined in section 20-25, and the recoupment is for a loss or outgoing of a kind specified in section 20-30, the amount recouped forms part of a Member's assessable income (see Recoupment of deductible expenses at paragraph 28).

If a member receives a payment for an estimated expense, we consider the amount received by the Member to be an allowance, not a reimbursement (see Allowances, paragraphs 8 to 12).

A donation or gift does not form part of a Member's assessable income where it is given for personal reasons unconnected with any work-related activities of the Member. However, if a donation or gift is made because of, in respect of, for, or in relation to, his or her work-related activities, the donation or gift forms part of the Member's assessable income (paragraphs 71 to 78).

If a donation or gift to a nominated Member is channelled through a political party (including a donation or gift to a fund established by the political party) on the basis that the party will pass it on to that Member, the gift is assessable to the Member at the time the political party receives the donation or gift (paragraphs 79 to 81).

Benefits that arise under a standard frequent flyer program do not form part of a Member's assessable income (paragraphs 82 and 83).

On 'retirement' from Federal Parliament, Members may be issued with either a Life Gold Pass or a Severance Pass which may entitle the holder of the pass and his or her spouse to travel benefits. Similar travel entitlements are available for Members of State and Territory Parliaments.

We consider that the issuing of a Life Gold Pass or Severance Pass has no income taxation implications. The value of travel benefits received through the use of these passes does not form part of either a Member's or a Member's spouse's assessable income. However, travel benefits received from the use of a Life Gold Pass or Severance Pass are residual fringe benefits and the provider of the pass may be subject to fringe benefits tax when the passes are used for travel (paragraphs 84 to 88).

A deduction is only allowable if a loss or outgoing: (a) is actually incurred (paragraph 90); (b) meets the deductibility tests (paragraph 91 to 93); and (c) satisfies the substantiation rules, where applicable (paragraphs 46 to 56).

Losses or outgoings are not deductible to the extent to which they are not incurred in gaining or producing assessable income, are losses or outgoings of capital, or of a capital, private or domestic nature, or are incurred in relation to the gaining or production of exempt income. A loss or outgoing may, therefore, need to be apportioned between deductible and non-deductible components (paragraph 94).

A deduction is only allowable for losses or outgoings actually incurred by a Member (paragraph 90)

We consider that a Member's activities cannot be characterised as a business carried on for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. Therefore, claims for deduction of losses and outgoings incurred in the course of gaining or producing assessable Parliamentary remuneration may only be considered under paragraph 8-1(1)(a) (paragraphs 95 to 112).

Specific provisions operate to include in assessable income amounts received as recoupment of certain losses or outgoings allowed, or allowable as deductions, such as election expenses. The effect of these provisions is that, where there is a specified 'recoupment' in respect of specified losses or outgoings, the amount is to be included in assessable income (paragraphs 113 and 114). (See, also, Reimbursements at paragraphs 65 to 70.)

We discuss below commonly encountered work-related expenses incurred by Members, and the extent to which they are allowable as deductions. Bank fees A deduction is allowable, as a work-related expense, for Financial Institutions Duty that relates to Parliamentary remuneration deposited in a Member's bank account(s). A deduction is also allowable for government duty tax or debits tax charged on any outgoing from a Member's account, to the extent to which the outgoing is an allowable deduction (see Taxation Ruling IT 2084). Briefcases, calculators and electronic organisers: A deduction is allowable for the work-related portion of depreciation on these items (see Depreciation of equipment, paragraphs 141 to 152). Child Care: A deduction is not allowable for child care expenses (paragraphs 118 to 120). Clothing: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of conventional clothing and footwear (paragraphs 121 to 123). Laundry and maintenance: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of cleaning and maintaining conventional clothing (paragraphs 124 and 125). Club membership fees: A deduction is not allowable for recreational club membership fees. However, a deduction is allowable for fees paid for Airport Lounge membership to the extent to which they are incurred on work-related activities (paragraph 126). Community group membership fees: A deduction is not allowable for membership fees of a community group unless there is a direct connection between a Member's work-related activities and the Member's involvement with the community group, and the fees are not of a private nature (paragraphs 127 to 129). Computers and software: A deduction is allowable for depreciation on the cost of computers, modems and related software and hardware to the extent to which they are used by a Member for work-related purposes. An item bought on or after 1 July 1991 can be depreciated at the rate of 100% if its cost is $300 or less, or its effective life is less than 3 years (paragraphs 130 to 133). If a member buys software separately from a computer, in the period 1 July 1991 to 11 May 1998, a deduction for the full cost of the software is allowable (under the general deduction provisions) in the year in which the member purchases it. The member must apportion the deduction, if applicable, between work-related and private use (see Depreciation of equipment, paragraphs 141 to 152). The cost of software purchased for more than $300, on or after 10 a.m. Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) on 11 May 1998, must be amortised either at the rate of 40% over two and a half years, or the life of the software licence, whichever is shorter. Conferences, seminars and training courses: A deduction is allowable for the cost of attending conferences and seminars if the expense is directly connected to a Member's work-related activities (paragraphs 134 to 140). Depreciation of equipment: A deduction is allowable for depreciation to the extent of the work-related use of the equipment. A member can depreciate an item of equipment bought on or after 1 July 1991 at a rate of 100% if it costs $300 or less, or if its effective life is less than three years (paragraphs 141 to 152). Donations, gifts and contributions: A deduction is allowable under Division 30 of the ITAA 1997 for gifts of $2 or more to listed or approved recipients, or under section 8-1 in respect of donations, gifts, contributions to constituents and organisations where the outgoings are directly connected with a Member's work-related activities and they are not private or domestic in nature (paragraphs 153 to 155). (See, also, Party membership fees, levies and donations, paragraphs 257 to 259.) Driver's licence: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of acquiring or renewing a driver's licence (paragraphs 156 and 157). Election expenses: A deduction is allowable for expenses incurred in contesting an election for Membership, of the Federal or a State Parliament, or the Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory or the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory (paragraphs 158 to 173). Entertainment expenses: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of providing entertainment (food and drink) except where it is incurred in providing entertainment for the public at large. A deduction is allowable for the cost of providing light refreshments in the nature of morning and afternoon teas to staff and visitors (paragraphs 174 to 181). Expenses incurred in the transitional period before a Member takes his or her seat: A deduction is not allowable for any losses or outgoings incurred by Members 'elect' prior to the date on which they take their seats because any connection that might exist between them and the income producing process is too remote (paragraphs 182 to 184). Fares: A deduction is allowable for the cost of using public transport for work-related travel. Fines: A deduction is not allowable for fines imposed under a law of the Commonwealth, a State, a Territory or a foreign country, or by a court (see Taxation Ruling TR 93/25). Function, presentations and meetings: A deduction is allowable for the cost of attending functions where the role of a Member requires attendance at the function (paragraph 185 to 191). A deduction is not allowable if a Member is attending a purely social function (see Entertainment expenses, paragraphs 174 to 181). A deduction is allowable for the cost of a specific public liability insurance policy for a function or meeting arranged by a Member where the function or meeting directly relates to the conduct of the Member's parliamentary duties in their capacity as a Member of Parliament (see paragraph 191A). A deduction is not allowable for the cost of goods, such as food and clothing, purchased at fetes and fairs. A deduction is allowable for the cost of prizes donated and presented at functions where there is a direct connection with a Member's work-related activities. Attendance on behalf of a Member: A deduction is allowable for costs incurred by a Member who is represented by another person at functions, presentations and Parliamentary, electorate or party meetings. However, a deduction is not allowable for costs that would not have been deductible to the Member had he or she attended personally (paragraphs 192 and 193). Glasses/contact lenses: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of buying prescription glasses, contact lenses or sunglasses, because these expenses are private or domestic in nature. Grooming: A deduction is not allowable for grooming expenses, for example, hairdressing and make-up, as such expenses lack the essential character of expenses incurred in gaining or producing a Member's Parliamentary remuneration (paragraphs 194 to 196). Guard dogs: A deduction is not allowable for losses or outgoings incurred in maintaining guard dogs for the protection of a Member and his or her family (see Security costs, paragraphs 282 to 284). Home office expenses: A deduction is allowable for running expenses related to a private study, or other room, to the extent to which it is used for work-related activities (paragraphs 197 to 205). Insurance of equipment: A deduction is allowable for the cost of insurance of equipment to the extent of its work-related use (paragraphs 206 and 207). Interest on loan to purchase equipment: A deduction is allowable for interest on money borrowed to finance the purchase of equipment to the extent to which the equipment is used for work-related purposes (paragraphs 208 and 209). Internet access: A deduction is allowable for the 'time usage cost' of researching work-related matters on the Internet. This includes the work-related portion of the service provider recurrent costs or costs associated with accessing web sites. Installation and connection costs of an Internet environment are not allowable deductions (paragraphs 210 and 211). (See, also, Telephones, answering machines, pagers, beepers and other telecommunications equipment expenses, paragraphs 296 to 303.) Laundry and maintenance of clothing, etc: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of laundry and maintenance of clothing and footwear (see Clothing, paragraphs 124 and 125). Legal expenses: A deduction is allowable for legal expenses incurred by a Member in defending the day-to-day activities through which he or she gains or produces assessable income (work-related activities), if the losses or outgoings are not capital, private or domestic in nature. Where legal proceedings stem from activities that could not reasonably be regarded as being part of the work-related activities of a Member, the losses or outgoings are not allowable deductions (paragraphs 212 to 221). Maintaining a private residence: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of maintaining a Member's private residence. Meals: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of meals eaten during a normal working day (paragraphs 222 to 227). A deduction is not allowable for the cost of providing meals to visitors or guests (see Entertainment expenses, paragraphs 174 to 181). A deduction is allowable if meal costs are incurred by a Member who travels away from home overnight on work-related activities (see Travel expenses, paragraphs 307 to 343). Motor vehicle and other transport expenses: Transport expenses include public transport fares and running costs associated with using motor vehicles, motor cycles, bicycles, etc., for work-related travel (paragraphs 228 to 230). These expenses do not include accommodation, meals and incidental expenses incurred in undertaking work-related travel involving an overnight stay away from a Member's residence (see Travel expenses, paragraphs 307 to 343). We consider the treatment of motor vehicle and other transport expenses incurred by a Member when travelling below. Travel between home and a normal place of work: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of travel between home and the normal work place. This outcome is not altered by the performance of incidental tasks en route, or if the travel is outside normal working hours, or includes a second or subsequent trip (paragraphs 231 to 235). Travel between two separate work places: A deduction is allowable for the cost of travelling directly between two separate work places (paragraph 236). Travel from a normal work place to an alternative work place and back to a normal work place, or directly home: A deduction is allowable for the cost of travelling directly between a normal work place and an alternative work place. A deduction is also allowable for the cost of travel from an alternative work place back to a normal work place or directly home (paragraphs 237 and 238). Travel from home to an alternative work place and then to a normal work place, or directly home: A deduction is allowable for the cost of travel from home to an alternative work place and then on to the normal work place or directly home (paragraphs 239 and 240). Automobile Association/Club membership fees: The annual road service fee is taken into account in calculating the deduction allowable if a Member uses either the log book method or one-third of actual expenses method to claim work-related car expenses (paragraphs 241 and 242). Calculation of motor vehicle depreciation balancing adjustment: A depreciation balancing adjustment may be necessary on the disposal of a motor vehicle that a Member owns and uses for work-related purposes (see Taxation Ruling IT 2493 and paragraph 243). Car wash expenses: The cost of cleaning a vehicle is taken into account in calculating the deduction allowable if a Member uses either the log book method or one-third of actual expenses method to claim work-related car expenses (paragraph 244). Depreciation cost limit for motor vehicles: Section 42-80 imposes a limit on the depreciable cost base of motor vehicles (including four-wheel drive vehicles) (paragraph 245). Car provided by 'employer': A deduction is not allowable for car expenses incurred by a Member if: (a) an 'employer' provides the car (see Role of a Member, paragraph 35 - 41) for the exclusive use of the Member and/or their relatives; and (b) the Member and/or his or her relatives are entitled to use the car for private purposes (see section 51AF of the ITAA 1936 and paragraphs 246 and 247). Parking fees and tolls: A deduction is allowable for bridge tolls, road tolls and parking fees (but not fines) paid by a Member while travelling on, or for, work-related purposes (paragraph 248). Newspapers: A deduction is allowable for the cost of newspapers to the extent to which a Member uses them for work-related purposes (paragraphs 249 to 256). Party membership fees, levies and donations: A deduction is allowable for compulsory membership subscriptions and levies paid to retain membership of a political party. A deduction may also be allowable, up to a maximum of $1,500 in any one income year, for donations of $2 or more made to certain political parties, independent candidates and independent Members (paragraphs 257 to 259). Patron expenses: A deduction is allowable for expenses incurred in being a patron of an organisation where the outgoings are directly connected to a Member's work-related activities and they are not of a private or domestic nature (paragraphs 260 and 261). Professional library: A deduction is allowable for depreciation of a professional library to the extent of its work-related use. The content of reference material must be directly relevant to work-related activities (paragraphs 262 to 266). Raffle ticket expenses: A deduction is allowable for the cost of raffle tickets where a Member incurs the expenditure as a consequence of his or her participation in work-related functions and activities. A deduction is not allowable for the cost of raffle tickets where the expenditure is incurred in situations where the Member is merely attending a function or activity in his or her private capacity (paragraphs 267 to 273). Raffle prizes: The value of any prizes won does not form part of a Member's assessable income (paragraph 274). Relocation expenses: A deduction is not allowable for expenses incurred when a Member moves from a residence in one location to another location (paragraphs 275 to 279). Repairs to equipment: A deduction is allowable for the cost of repairs to equipment to the extent that the equipment is used for work-related purposes (section 25-10) (paragraphs 280 and 281). Security costs: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of installing a security system at a Member's residence. However, a deduction is allowable for the depreciation and maintenance of a security system installed in a Member's electorate office where a Member incurs the costs of installation and maintenance. A deduction is also allowable for the depreciation and maintenance of a security system installed in an additional property to the extent to which that property is used by a Member for accommodation purposes on work-related travel involving an overnight stay away from his or her residence (paragraphs 282 to 284). Self-education expenses: A deduction is allowable for the cost of self-education if there is a sufficient connection between the course of education and the work-related activities of a Member. Self-education costs can include fees, travel, books, and equipment (paragraphs 285 to 288). See, also, Taxation Ruling TR 98/9. Limit on deductibility: In some circumstances, the amount allowable under section 8-1 will need to be adjusted (see paragraphs 289 to 291). Stationery: A deduction is allowable for the cost of stationery, log books, diaries, etc., to the extent to which a Member uses them for work-related purposes. Technical or professional publications: A deduction is allowable for the cost of buying, or subscribing to, journals, periodicals and magazines that are not general in nature and have a content specifically connected to a Member's work-related activities (paragraphs 292 to 295). Telephones, answering machines, pagers, beepers and other telecommunications equipment expenses: A deduction is allowable for the work-related portion of the rental cost (paragraphs 301 and 302), or depreciation of these items (see Depreciation of equipment, paragraphs 141 to 152). Cost of calls: A deduction is allowable for the cost of work-related calls (paragraphs 296 to 298). Installation or connection costs: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of installing or connecting a telephone, etc., (paragraphs 299 and 300). Rental Costs: A deduction is allowable for a proportion of private home telephone/equipment rental costs where a Member can demonstrate that he or she has a work-related need to use their private telephone equipment outside normal 'office' hours (paragraphs 301 and 302). Unlisted telephone number: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of obtaining an unlisted telephone number (paragraph 303). Trade, business or professional association fees: A deduction is allowable for annual fees paid to associations to the extent to which the fees relate to a Member's work-related activities. A deduction is not allowable for joining fees or for contributions to staff social clubs or associations. Where the services provided by an association do not directly relate to a Member s work-related activities, the deduction for any income year is limited to $42 in respect of any one association (paragraphs 304 to 306). Travel expenses: A deduction is allowable for the cost of travel (fares, accommodation, meals and incidentals) incurred by a Member on work-related travel (paragraphs 307 to 343). Special substantiation rules apply to travel allowance expense claims (see Substantiation rules, paragraphs 46 to 56). Travel expenses covered by a travel allowance: A deduction is allowable for travel expenses that are covered by a travel allowance, provided the tests for deductibility and the substantiation rules are satisfied. However, where the claim for deductible travel allowance expenses does not exceed amounts considered reasonable by the Commissioner, substantiation is not required (paragraphs 313 to 320). The receipt of an allowance does not automatically entitle a member to a deduction for travel expenses. Travel expenses not covered by a travel allowance: A deduction is allowable for travel expenses incurred that are not covered by a travel allowance, provided the tests for deductibility and the substantiation rules are satisfied (paragraphs 321 and 322). Travel expenses covered by an annual entitlement: A deduction is allowable for travel expenses that are covered by an annual entitlement, provided the tests for deductibility and the substantiation rules are satisfied (paragraphs 323 to 325). Accompanying relatives travel expenses: Section 26 -30 may affect the deduction allowable for the cost of travel attributable to relatives accompanying a Member on work-related travel (paragraphs 326 and 327). Additional property purchased or rented by Member used as accommodation for work-related travel: A deduction is allowable for revenue expenses incurred in financing, holding and maintaining an additional property purchased or rented by a Member: • if it is used by the Member for accommodation when he or she is undertaking work-related travel away from home; and • if the travel is intermittent and temporary so that the additional property does not become the Member's home; and • to the extent that the expenses are not of a capital or of a private or domestic nature; and • if the Member includes the amount of travel allowance paid to them for the work-related travel in their return; and • if the tests for substantiation are satisfied. However, if the Member's revenue expenses in relation to the property are disproportionate to what the member would have paid for suitable commercial accommodation for the period of the travel, a deduction is not allowable to the extent that the expenses are incurred in the pursuit of another object unrelated to the earning of the Member's assessable income (paragraphs 328 to 336). Wages: A deduction is allowable for the cost of wages paid for services rendered to assist a Member to carry out his or her work-related activities, provided the expenditure is not private or domestic in nature (paragraphs 344 and 345). Related entity: A deduction is not allowable to the extent to which a payment of wages to a relative, exceeds the amount considered reasonable (paragraphs 346 to 348). Watches: A deduction is not allowable for the cost of purchasing, repairing or maintaining a watch (paragraphs 349 and 350).

This Ruling applies to years of income commencing both before and after its date of issue. The only exceptions are our views on the deductibility of travel and newspaper expenses, which apply only to the 1999-2000 year of income and subsequent income years.

The view expressed at paragraph 27 in relation to the inapplicability of paragraph 8-1(1)(b) to losses or outgoings incurred by a Member, differs from our previously held view. Consequently, the position outlined therein will only apply, where necessary, to a Member's losses or outgoings incurred in the 1999-2000 year of income and subsequent income years.

The Ruling does not apply to Members to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Ruling (see paragraphs 21 and 22 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20).

Where a Member's circumstances are different from those described in this Ruling he or she can apply for a private ruling under section 14ZAF or 14ZAG of the Taxation Administration Act 1953.

The application of public rulings where a taxpayer has a private ruling is considered at paragraph 19 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20 and also in Taxation Determination TD 93/34.

The role of a Member can be summarised as follows. • Parliamentary. The primary role of a Member is to represent his or her electorate in the Parliament. A Member is expected to attend Parliament and vote regularly on Bills, take part in debates and Parliamentary committees, present petitions from his or her electorate, talk to the media, etc. • Electorate. A Member is expected to meet with constituents and attend activities within the electorate such as school fetes, annual meetings of community clubs and organisations, balls, new factory and public works openings, and the like. A Member may also be required to travel intrastate, interstate and overseas as part of his or her overall responsibilities. • Party. A Member who is a member of a political party is expected to organise and sustain branches of the party, help formulate policy through party committees, and to campaign for the party. He or she also campaigns for party endorsement as a candidate for election.

Members are not common law employees. None of the usual indicia of an employee/employer relationship, such as an express or implied contract of employment, ability to direct activities or exercise control over the employee, apply to Members. There is clearly no employer, although in a sense a Member owes duties to the Parliament, constituents and probably his or her party organisation.

For the reasons outlined at paragraphs 95 to 112, although a Member is not a common law employee, we do not consider that a Member's work-related activities, undertaken to discharge his or her Parliamentary, electorate and party responsibilities, amount to a business carried on for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income.

However, a Member of an Australian Parliament is specifically incorporated into the definition of 'employee' by virtue of the definitions of 'salary or wages' and 'eligible person' in section 221A of the ITAA 1936. The person or government body who pays a Member's Parliamentary remuneration is also defined in section 221A as the Member's 'employer'.

'[A] Member of an Australian Parliament' also comes within the statutory definition of 'employee' in the FBTAA by virtue of its link to section 221A of the ITAA 1936.

In addition, a Member is treated as an 'employee' for Superannuation Guarantee purposes (section 12, Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992).

The intention, and effect, of these provisions is to ensure that a Member's Parliamentary 'salary' and allowances are subjected to tax instalment deductions, that certain claims for deductions are subject to the substantiation provisions, that fringe benefits are taxed, and that the superannuation guarantee provisions apply in appropriate circumstances.

Members commonly receive the following types of allowances in addition to their Parliamentary 'salaries'. Particular allowances may vary, depending on the Parliament in which a Member serves. Committee allowances This is a daily allowance paid to Members of Parliamentary Committees to cover incidental costs. Daily expense allowance This allowance is paid to federal Members who hold seats in the Australian Capital Territory for each day they attend sittings or meetings in Canberra. Electorate allowance This allowance is paid to cover incidental expenditure incurred in discharging a Member's electorate responsibilities. Expense or entertainment allowance This allowance is paid to some Ministers and office holders in State Parliaments. It is paid to cover incidental expenditure incurred in discharging his or her additional responsibilities. Opposition spokespersons' allowance This allowance is paid to cover additional costs incurred by nominated opposition spokespersons. Postage allowance This allowance is paid to cover postage costs incurred in discharging Parliamentary and electorate responsibilities. Printing and stationery allowance This allowance is paid to cover the costs of printing and stationery incurred in discharging Parliamentary and electorate responsibilities. Private vehicle allowance/motor vehicle allowance This allowance is paid where a Member uses his or her private vehicle for work-related purposes. Telephone allowance This allowance is paid to offset the work-related costs associated with the use of home and mobile telephones. Travel allowances including the following: • An allowance, based on prescribed amounts, paid on a per trip basis for specific travel to nominated destinations. • An allowance, based on prescribed amounts, paid in respect of a special purpose, such as continuing professional development. • An allowance, based on a fixed annual entitlement, paid to cover the travel costs of a spouse or nominee who accompanies a Member. • An allowance, based on prescribed amounts, paid on a per trip basis for travel to nominated destinations where evidence is available that expenses have been incurred at commercial establishments such as hotels and motels. • An allowance paid on a per trip basis for travel to nominated destinations where Members are not accommodated at commercial establishments. The rate at which this allowance is paid reflects the reduced costs associated with being accommodated at non-commercial establishments. • An allowance, based on an average number of anticipated trips, paid to Members in the form of a fixed annual entitlement to cover the costs of accommodation, food, drink and incidental expenses for overnight travel. The allowance is not paid on a trip-by-trip basis as and when travel is undertaken. • An allowance, paid to some State Members, towards the cost of overnight accommodation and incidental expenses where their usual place of residence is located a 'prescribed distance' from the GPO of the State Capital. The 'prescribed distance' may be determined by way of a specified distance from a GPO or by way of a specified electorate categorisation. The allowance is paid as a fixed annual entitlement. A Member can use the allowance to cover the costs of commercial or non-commercial accommodation.

As at the date of this Ruling, the various travel allowances received by Members do not exceed amounts set by the Remuneration Tribunal on which the reasonable allowance amounts in respect of travel expenses are based (see paragraphs 51 to 55).

Members should return allowances (and Parliamentary 'salaries'), with the exception of those allowances referred to at paragraph 45, as assessable income under section 6-5 or 6-10. The fact that a Member may claim certain deductions in respect of losses or outgoings arising from the activity to which the allowance is directed, does not affect assessability.

Because of a withholding variation, most domestic travel allowances for accommodation, food, drink or incidentals or overseas travel allowances for food, drink or incidentals will not be shown on a Member's payment summary (see Withholding Variation applicable to travel allowances paragraphs 57 to 64). Travel allowances not shown on a Member's payment summary are not required to be returned as assessable income on their tax return if: (i) the travel allowance received is a bona fide travel allowance; and (ii) the travel allowance is used for travel related expenses; and (iii) the travel allowance received does not exceed the amounts considered reasonable by the Commissioner for substantiation purposes; and (iv) the Member chooses not to claim deductions for relevant expenses in his or her income tax return.

As explained at paragraphs 38 to 41, the substantiation rules in Division 900 apply to Members because they are included in the definition of 'PAYE earner' and are, therefore, treated for substantiation purposes as if they are employees.

In respect of a Member's work-related activities, the substantiation rules apply only to 'work expenses' that qualify as deductions under a Division of the ITAA 1997, other than Division 900 - the substantiation rules - and 'car expenses' that qualify as deductions under a Division other than Division 28.

'Work expenses' are those losses or outgoings incurred in producing a Member's Parliamentary salary and allowances, and include, but are not limited to: • expenses for accommodation, food, drink and incidentals covered by a travel allowance ('travel allowance expenses'); • expenses for food and drink covered by a meal allowance ('meal allowance expenses'); • depreciation expenses; and • Parliamentary election expenses.

Written evidence is required to substantiate the total claims for deduction under the 'one-third of actual expenses' and 'log book' methods of deducting car expenses. The substantiation rules do not apply to 'car expenses' claimed under the cents per kilometre or 12% of original cost methods. There is no exception for a small total of expenses equivalent to that found with 'work expenses' of $300 or less. A comprehensive explanation of the 'one-third of actual expenses' and 'log book' methods of deducting car expenses is provided in the annual TaxPack publication under the 'car expenses' question.

The effect of the substantiation rules on 'work expenses' and 'car expenses' is that, even though the expenses might otherwise satisfy the general tests for deductibility (see 'General deductions', paragraphs 89 to 94) or other deduction provisions, they are not allowable as deductions unless they can be substantiated with written evidence. However, if the total 'work expenses' (which do not include 'car expenses') claimed, excluding 'travel allowance expenses' and 'meal allowance expenses', are $300 or less, the expenses incurred can be claimed without getting written evidence, provided they are otherwise deductible.

The Commissioner of Taxation publishes an annual Taxation Determination (Reasonable Allowances Ruling) that outlines amounts he or she considers reasonable in relation to certain 'work expenses'. For Members, these are: • domestic travel allowance expenses for accommodation, food, drink or incidentals, and • overseas travel allowance expenses for food, drink or incidentals.

If a Member receives an allowance for domestic travel expenses or overseas travel expenses for food, drink or incidentals, and the amount of the deduction the Member claims for expenses covered by the allowance is no more than the reasonable amount notified in the annual Reasonable Allowance Amounts Taxation Ruling, substantiation is not required. However, as explained at paragraph 50, deductions are limited to expenses that qualify as allowable deductions under other provisions. If the Member claims a deduction that is more than the reasonable amount, the exception does not apply and the Member must substantiate the whole claim - not just the excess over the reasonable amount.

However, notwithstanding the substantiation exception in relation to overseas travel allowance expenses referred to in paragraph 52, travel records for overseas travel must still be kept if the travel involves the Member being away from their ordinary residence for six or more nights in a row.

The exceptions to the substantiation rules do not cover accommodation expenses incurred in respect of overseas travel (see subsection 900-55(1)).

The annual Reasonable Allowance Amounts Ruling published by the Commissioner has detailed information on the amounts he or she considers reasonable, and relevant substantiation rules. (See for example, Taxation Determination TD 2016/13 Income tax: what are the reasonable travel and overtime meal allowance expense amounts for the 2016-17 income year? for the 2016-17 income year). Where the exceptions to substantiation apply, a Member may be asked to show that the loss or outgoing was actually incurred (see paragraph 90) and it meets the tests for deductibility (see paragraphs 91 to 93).

If a Member cannot substantiate a claim for a deduction in respect of 'work expenses' or 'car expenses', the Member's right to deduct the amount may not be affected if the nature and quality of the evidence available is sufficient to satisfy the Commissioner that the Member has incurred the expense, and it is otherwise deductible (see Subdivision 900-H and Taxation Ruling TR 97/24).

In the interests of reducing the costs of complying with taxation laws, the Commissioner has approved a variation of the amount required to be withheld and the reporting requirements for certain allowances. This obviates the need for tax instalments to be deducted from: • domestic travel allowances for accommodation, food, drink or incidentals; and • overseas travel allowances for food, drink or incidentals; where the recipient of the allowance is expected to incur deductible expenses at least equal to the amount of the allowance (see PAYG Bulletin no. 1 - taxing of allowances for the 2000/01 and future income years). Travel allowances not shown on a Member's payment summary are not required to be returned as assessable income on their tax return if: (i) the travel allowance received is a bona fide travel allowance; and (ii) the travel allowance is used for travel related expenses; and (iii) the travel allowance received does not exceed the amounts considered reasonable by the Commissioner for substantiation purposes; and (iv) the Member chooses not to claim deductions for relevant expenses in his or her income tax return.

If a Member receives a travel allowance of the kind described at paragraph 57 and each of the conditions is satisfied, the Member does not need to include the travel allowance in his or her assessable income and does not claim a deduction in his or her income tax return.

However, where a Member chooses to claim a deduction, the Member must include the full amount of the travel allowance in his or her assessable income, and may claim a deduction for the actual expenditure incurred provided, where necessary, the claim can be substantiated.

If a Member wishes to claim a deduction for expenditure in respect of a particular trip, or trips, it is only the amount of the travel allowance for the particular trip, or trips, that needs to be included as assessable income.

Example: A Member undertakes ten domestic trips in an income year for which he is paid travel expense allowances totalling $7,500. Each allowance paid does not exceed the amounts considered reasonable, and it is expected that the Member would incur deductible expenses at least equal to the amount of the allowances paid. Tax instalments are, therefore, not deducted and no part of the $7500 is shown on his payment summary.

On one trip, for which he is paid an allowance of $1,250, the Member incurs deductible expenses of $1,500 that can be substantiated. As he wishes to claim a deduction for the full $1,500 he incurred, the Member must include the $1,250 allowance received for that trip in his assessable income, and claim a deduction for the $1,500 expenses.

Provided the Member incurs deductible expenses in relation to each of the other nine trips, at least equal to the amount of the allowances received for each of those trips, the Member does not need to include any further amount in respect of the allowances in his assessable income.

If a deduction is claimed for travel expenses covered by a travel allowance, the Member must include the allowance as assessable income.

If a Member is compensated for an expense already incurred, the payment is a reimbursement (see Taxation Ruling TR 92/15).

Where a reimbursement of a deductible expense is a fringe benefit under the FBTAA, any deduction otherwise allowable to a Member is reduced by the amount of the reimbursement (section 51AH of the ITAA 1936). Where the actual expense incurred is reimbursed, no part of the reimbursement is included in a Member's assessable income, and no part of the expense is allowable as a deduction.

Where a non-deductible expense is reimbursed, section 51AH has no application. However, where the reimbursement is a fringe benefit, the entity that makes the reimbursement may be subject to FBT (e.g., refund of child care expenses). In these circumstances, no part of the reimbursement forms part of a Member's assessable income.

Where a Member receives a payment in respect of motor vehicle expenses that is based on the distance travelled by the motor vehicle, e.g., cents per kilometre, the Member should include the amount received as assessable income under paragraph 26(eaa) of the ITAA 1936. A deduction may be allowable for the motor vehicle expenses incurred (see Motor Vehicle and other transport expenses, paragraphs 228 to 248).

However, where a reimbursement that is not a fringe benefit under the FBTAA comprises a 'recoupment' as defined in section 20-25 of the ITAA 1997, and the recoupment is for a loss or outgoing of a kind specified in section 20-30, the amount recouped forms part of a Member's assessable income and the deduction for the relevant loss or outgoing is not reduced (see, also, Recoupment of deductible expenses at paragraphs 113 and 114).

If a Member receives a payment for an estimated expense, we consider the amount received by the Member to be an allowance, not a reimbursement (see Allowances, paragraphs 8 to 12).

If a Member receives a donation or gift of money because of, in respect of, for, or in relation to, his or her work-related activities, the amount received forms part of his or her assessable income under section 6-5 or 6-10. This view follows from the principles that have been established in cases such as: The Squatting Investment Co. Ltd v. FC of T (1953) 86 CLR 570; Scott v. FC of T (1966) 117 CLR 514; 40 ALJR 205; Kelly v. FC of T (1985) 80 FLR 155; (1985) 16 ATR 478; 85 ATC 4283; FC of T v. Dixon (1952) 86 CLR 540; Hayes v. FC of T (1956) 96 CLR 47; FC of T v. Blake (1984) 2 Qd R 303; 75 FLR 315; (1984) 15 ATR 1006; 84 ATC 4661; G v. Commr of IR (NZ) 12 ATD 378 and FC of T v. Cooke & Sherden (1980) 42 FLR 403; (1980) 29 ALR 202; (1980) 10 ATR 696; 80 ATC 4140.

Where a Member receives a donation or gift in the above circumstances in a form other than money, the Member is to include the value of the donation as assessable income (based on an arm's length value: see paragraph 26(e) of the ITAA 1936; section 6-10 of the ITAA 1997). This is because the donation or gift is given or granted to the Member in respect of, for or in relation directly or indirectly, to the Member's work-related activities (see paragraph 19).

If a donation or gift is in all other respects assessable income, the fact that it is paid to a Member by a relative, friend or colleague is not sufficient to alter its character as assessable income in the hands of the Member.

Example: A Member plans to seek re-election to the seat that he holds. To assist him to finance his campaign, friends and relatives arrange various fundraising activities and give the proceeds to the Member. These amounts form part of the Member's assessable income in the year in which the Member receives them.

A donation or gift does not form part of a Member's assessable income in circumstances where it is given for personal reasons, unconnected with any work-related activities of the Member.

Example: A Member relocates to the National Capital for a year due to the demands of her position. During the year she receives a number of gifts from her parents and other close relatives out of natural love and affection. There are no income tax consequences arising from the receipt of these gifts.

Donations and gifts may be made to Members both as an expression of goodwill towards them personally, and also in recognition of some work-related activity of the Member (perhaps a major funding boost for the electorate) or the Member's political convictions. Accordingly, where a donation or gift is given on personal grounds, and a substantial, but not necessarily dominant reason for the donation or gift being received by the Member is to be found in his or her work-related activities, the donation or gift forms part of the Member's assessable income in the year in which the member receives it.

Example: A Member receives unsolicited gifts of money when he addresses a meeting of party Members. These gifts are given because those attending are politically motivated to contribute to the work the Member is undertaking. Although the Member is not in any way motivated by the prospect of receiving the gifts when he sets out to address the meeting, these amounts form part of the Member's assessable income in the year in which the Member receives them.

If a donation or gift to a nominated Member is channelled through a political party (including a donation or gift to a fund established by the political party) on the basis that the party will pass it on to that Member, the gift is assessable to the Member at the time the political party receives the donation or gift.

Sometimes a donor makes a donation or gift to a political party and merely expresses a preference that it be passed on to a particular Member. The political party owns the donation or gift at the time it is made and retains an unfettered discretion about whether or not it acts in accordance with the donor's preference. In these circumstances, the donation or gift is assessable to the Member if, and to the extent to which, the political party actually passes on the donation or gift to the Member or otherwise deals with it on his or her behalf. The Member derives the income in these cases when he or she receives the donation or gift from the political party or it is otherwise dealt with on his or her behalf.

Where a donor makes a donation or gift to a special purpose fund, such as a Member's re-election fund, that has been established by a political party to directly fund designated activities, the donation or gift does not form part of the Member's assessable income and there are no other income tax consequences for the Member.

Benefits that arise under a standard frequent flyer program do not form part of a Member's assessable income because the benefits result from a personal contractual relationship that is not, in itself, productive of assessable income.

The standard features of these programs are: (a) the customer is dealing with the supplier in a personal capacity, that is, in accordance with the normal arm's length commercial relationship that exists between consumers and suppliers; (b) membership is restricted to natural persons; (c) membership of the program is usually by application that may require an application fee; (d) benefits are accrued, in the form of points, with each purchase of goods or services; (e) program members and non-members both pay the same amount for the goods or services purchased; and (f) points are redeemable for goods or services.

On 'retirement' from Federal Parliament, Members are issued with either a Life Gold Pass or a Severance Pass. Similar travel entitlements are available for State and Territory Members.

The benefits available to a Federal Member who has served in the Parliament are: a) Life Gold Pass: A Life Gold Pass is awarded to a Member who has either held high office (such as a Minister, Speaker or Prime Minister) or who has served in Parliament for 20 years (or the life of 7 Parliaments). The holder of a Life Gold Pass (and his or her spouse, if he or she accompanies the holder at the time of the travel) is entitled to up to 25 return trips per annum (by plane, train or bus) for non-commercial purposes within Australia, at government expense. Furthermore, the widow or widower of a Gold Pass holder, or the widow or widower of a Member who would have qualified for a Gold Pass at the time of his or her death, is also entitled to travel for a period of 12 months from the death of the Gold Pass holder or Member, as the case may be. b) Severance Pass: A Member who doesn't qualify for a Gold Pass upon 'retirement' from Parliament may, nevertheless, obtain a Severance Pass for non-commercial travel. The period of entitlement to travel under a Severance Pass varies from 6 months for service in one Parliament, to 5 years for service in 6 Parliaments. However, unlike the spouse of a Life Gold Pass holder, the spouse of a Member holding a Severance Pass has no entitlement to travel, whether during the lifetime of a Member or after the date of death of the Member.

We do not consider that the issuing of passes under the Life Gold Pass and Severance Pass Schemes attracts any income tax implications. However, travel benefits received in relation to each use of a Gold Pass or Severance Pass by a Member will be taxed as a residual benefit, within the meaning of section 45 of Division 12 of the FBTAA, to the provider of the pass.

Similarly, travel benefits received by the spouse of a Gold Pass holder, will be taxed as a residual fringe benefit to the provider of the pass. However, where such benefits are provided to the widow or widower of the Member, they are not subject to FBT.

Under subsection 6-15(2) of the ITAA 1997 the value of these travel benefits do not form part of the Member's or the Member's spouse's assessable income as they will be exempt income by virtue of section 23L of the ITAA 1936 and section 11-10 of the ITAA 1997.

A deduction is only allowable if a loss or outgoing: (a) is actually incurred (paragraph 90); (b) meets the deductibility tests (paragraphs 91 to 93); and (c) satisfies the substantiation rules where applicable (paragraphs 46 to 56).

A deduction is only allowable for losses or outgoings actually incurred by a Member. For example, a deduction is not allowable for items provided to a Member free of charge, regardless of whether it is possible to substantiate the relevant expenses.

The tests for deductibility of losses or outgoings are in section 8-1, which provides that: '8-1(1) You can deduct from your assessable income any loss or outgoing to the extent that: (a) it is incurred in gaining or producing your assessable income; or (b) it is necessarily incurred in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing your assessable income. 8-1(2) However, you cannot deduct a loss or outgoing under this section to the extent that: (a) it is a loss or outgoing of capital, or of a capital nature; or (b) it is a loss or outgoing of a private or domestic nature; or (c) it is incurred in relation to gaining or producing your exempt income; or (d) a provision of this Act prevents you from deducting it.'

Section 8-1 applies to the 1997-98 year of income and subsequent years. The equivalent provision in the ITAA 1936, which expresses the same ideas, is subsection 51(1), which applies to income years up to, and including, the 1996-97 year of income.

As a result of considerations of subsection 51(1), the courts have established that for a loss or outgoing to be deductible under paragraph 8-1(1)(a): (a) it must have the essential character of a loss or outgoing incurred in gaining assessable income or, in other words, of an income producing expense (Lunney v. FC of T; Hayley v. FC of T (1958) 100 CLR 478; (1958) 32 ALJR 139; (1958) 11 ATD 404 (Lunney's case)); (b) there must be a nexus between the loss or outgoing and the assessable income so that the outgoing is incidental and relevant to the gaining of assessable income (Ronpibon Tin NL v. FC of T (1949) 78 CLR 47; (1949) 8 ATD 431 (Ronpibon Tin)); and (c) it is necessary to determine the connection between the particular loss or outgoing and the operations or activities by which the taxpayer more directly gains or produces his or her assessable income (Charles Moore & Co (WA) Pty Ltd v. FC of T (1956) 95 CLR 344; (1956) 11 ATD 147; 6 AITR 379; FC of T v. Hatchett (1971) 125 CLR 494; 71 ATC 4184; (1971) 2 ATR 557 (Hatchett's case)). (d) More recently, the High Court has focused on the question: Is the occasion of the outgoing found in whatever is productive of actual or expected income?' The High Court has emphasised that a narrow approach should not be taken to this question: Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Payne (2001) 202 CLR 93; Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Day (2008) 236 CLR 163; Commissioner of Taxation v Anstis [2010] HCA 40.

The combined operation of subsections 8-1(1) and 8-1(2) may require apportionment of a loss or outgoing into deductible and non-deductible components, where a single loss or outgoing is incurred for more than one purpose or on items of a differing nature.

In Case N26 81 ATC 143; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 98 and Case M71 80 ATC 492; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 46, the Board of Review decided that each applicant Member was carrying on the business of a political vocation, with the result that consideration of their claims for deductions was not confined to paragraph 8-1(1)(a) and relevant parts of subsection 8-1(2), the bulk of the analysis being devoted to the application of paragraph 8-1(1)(b).

Whereas courts interpret the paragraph 8-1(1)(b) test in fairly broad terms in comparison to the language they use in relation to the paragraph 8-1(1)(a) test, in practice the application of the paragraph 8-1(1)(b) test rarely produces a different result to the application of the paragraph 8-1(1)(a) test.

As the Full High Court said, at CLR 56, of Ronpibon Tin: 'No doubt the expression 'in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing' lays down a test that is different from that implied by the words 'in gaining or producing'. But these latter words have a very wide operation and will cover almost all the ground occupied by the alternative.'

Members are not common law employees (see, for example, State Chamber of Commerce and Industry & Ors v. The Commonwealth of Australia (1987) 163 CLR 329; 61 ALJR 459; 73 ALR 161; (1987) 19 ATR 103; 87 ATC 4745) because they have no identifiable employer. There is no express or implied contract of employment between a Member, his or her political party, the Executive, a Premier or the Prime Minister, or the Governor-General or a State Governor. Also, none of these entities exercises, or is entitled to exercise, a degree of control over a Member's activities sufficient to support an argument that a master servant relationship exists.

The fact that Members are not common law employees does not lead, inexorably, to the conclusion that they are carrying on business within the meaning of the paragraph 8-1(1)(b) test for deductibility (see FC of T v. Charlton (1984) 71 FLR 107; (1984) 15 ATR 711; 84 ATC 4415 at 4418). For paragraph 8-1(1)(b) to apply, a Member's activities must amount to a business that he or she is 'carrying on ... for the purpose of gaining or producing ... assessable income'.

In subsection 995-1(1), 'business' is defined in the following terms: 'business includes any profession, trade, employment, vocation or calling, but does not include occupation as an employee'. The words 'profession, trade, employment, vocation or calling' are not technical terms, and are, therefore, to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning.

Denman J considered the word 'vocation', which is apt to describe a Member's activities, in Partridge v. Mallandaine (Surveyor of Taxes) (1886) 2 TC 179. He said, at 180, that: '[a] man may employ himself in order to earn money in such a way as to come within that definition [employment], but I think the word 'vocation' is a still stronger word. It is admitted to be analogous to the word 'calling', which is a very large word; it means the way in which a person passes his life, and it is a very large word indeed.'

The words 'vocation or calling' in the subsection 995-1(1) definition of 'business' are wide enough to encompass a 'profession' (see Robbins Herbal Institute v. FC of T (1923) 32 CLR 457 at 460-461) or 'trade', as does 'employment'. It is, therefore, apparent that there is considerable overlap in the terms 'profession, trade, employment, vocation or calling', and that the words 'vocation or calling' are used in an extending sense to aid the inclusive nature of the definition, rather than as a reference to discrete occupations specifically intended to be brought within the definition.

It is a common occurrence in the community for people to pursue vocations - passing their lives in particular ways for particular causes - that we could not regard as businesses carried on for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. The most frequently encountered are those pursuing hobbies or recreations, however avidly.

People who, beyond formal retirement, continue their former activities in a scaled down or uncommercial manner, would also fall into the category of those pursuing vocations that do not amount to businesses carried on for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. For example, an accountant who continues to practice, but on a cost recovery or less than cost recovery, basis, or a lawyer who continues to practice for the benefit of community groups on a voluntary basis, may be said to be continuing their vocations. However, they could no longer be said to be carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income.

The categories, 'profession, trade, employment, vocation or calling' referred to in the definition of 'business' in subsection 995-1(1), represent occupations that have the potential to constitute businesses carried on for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income as required by paragraph 8-1(1)(b). However, there is nothing in the definition of 'business' that provides any guidance for determining whether the nature, extent and manner of undertaking those occupations would meet the requirements of paragraph 8-1(1)(b). Whether or not a particular occupation is carried on as a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income is a question that can only be decided on the facts of the particular case.

The courts have considered the meaning of the phrase 'carrying on a business' on many occasions and have determined that, among other things, it is necessary for the activities under consideration to amount to a commercial enterprise (see, for example, Hope v. Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1; 54 ALJR 345; 41 LGRA 262; (1980) 29 ALR 577; (1981) 12 ATR 231; 80 ATC 4386 per Mason J and State Superannuation Board (NSW) v. FC of T (1988) 82 ALR 63; (1988) 19 ATR 1264; 88 ATC 4382). Further, in the appeal to the Full Federal Court in the latter case (State Superannuation Board v. FC of T (1988) 21 FCR 535; (1988) 85 ALR 125; (1988) 20 ATR 211; 89 ATC 4078) Davies J stated (at FCR 548; ALR 139; ATR 222; ATC 4088) that: '[a] business must have organisation. It usually has capital, plant, employees and consumables. It must derive income and it must trade with or deal with another person or persons'.

There are some similarities between a Member's activities and those undertaken by business proprietors in the commercial environment. For example, Members set up offices and go about their tasks in a businesslike way with system, regularity and repetition, etc. However, the nature of a Member's role is fundamentally different. On election, a Member becomes an integral part of the Parliament that, under the relevant constitutional framework, exercises the legislative power of the Commonwealth, State or Territory, as the case may be. Also, the associated activities undertaken by a Member in relation to his or her Parliamentary constituency are inextricably linked to the Member's primary and pivotal role as a Parliamentarian - they cannot be considered in isolation from that role. We consider that the essential nature of a Member's activities and those of the Parliament in which he or she serves are the same. The activities of Parliaments could not be described as being commercial in nature. Therefore, it follows that the activities of a Member do not amount to a commercial enterprise.

For the above reasons, we cannot characterise a Member's activities as a business carried on for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. A Member's activities are more appropriately described as the rendering of services to the Parliament and their Parliamentary constituency, for which a Parliamentary remuneration is paid. Therefore, claims for deduction of losses and outgoings incurred in the course of gaining or producing assessable Parliamentary remuneration may only be considered under paragraph 8-1(1)(a).

It follows from the above that we are, respectfully, of the view that Case N26 81 ATC 143; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 98 and Case M71 80 ATC 492; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 46 were wrongly decided. We believe that the Board of Review, in those cases, misdirected itself on its interpretation of the definition of 'business', the relationship of that definition with the language of paragraph 8-1(1)(b), and the true nature of a Member's activities.

Ministers of State undertake a dual role. As elected Members, they have the normal Parliamentary and electorate responsibilities assumed by their non-Ministerial colleagues. However, they also have responsibility for administering government departments and membership of the Executive Council and Cabinet, where applicable. In the exercise of their statutory and other responsibilities, Ministers represent the Crown and do not act in the capacity of servants of the Crown. In this context, the administration of a government department is more appropriately described as the rendering of services by the responsible Minister to the department concerned.

Although the Governor-General and State Governors have a limited legal right to control Ministers of State in respect of their appointment, they have rarely, if ever, in accordance with convention, exercised it. We do not consider that the existence of this limited right of control is sufficient, in itself, to establish a master servant relationship.

Should we be wrong in this conclusion, it nevertheless follows that a Minister who is regarded as a common law employee would not be entitled to have claims for deduction of expenses incurred in connection with his or her Ministerial activities tested against paragraph 8-1(1)(b). Therefore, for the purposes of this Ruling, we do not need to draw a relevant distinction between Ministers and their non-Ministerial colleagues.

Subdivision 20-A operates to include in assessable income amounts received as recoupment of specified losses or outgoings allowed or allowable as deductions, such as election expenses, rates or taxes and tax-related expenses. The effect of these provisions is that, where there is a specified 'recoupment', that broadly includes any kind of reimbursement, refund, insurance, indemnity or recovery, or grant in respect of a loss or outgoing, a member should include that amount as assessable income.

Subdivision 20-A does not apply to recoupment amounts that are ordinary income or amounts that are included in assessable income by some other provision of the ITAA 1997. Neither does the Subdivision apply to recoupments of deductible expenses that are fringe benefits under the FBTAA. In practice, therefore, the recoupment provisions only apply to reimbursements of specified deductible expenses when a reimbursement is made by an entity other than the Member's 'employer' (see Role of a Member, paragraph 35 - 41).

We discuss commonly encountered work-related expenses incurred by Members, and the extent to which they are allowable deductions, in alphabetical order below.

A deduction is allowable for depreciation on an item of plant, such as a briefcase, a calculator or an electronic organiser to the extent to which that item is used for work-related activities (section 42-15). For information on depreciation of items of plant generally, and specifically those costing $300 or less, or those having an effective life of 3 years or less, see Depreciation of equipment, paragraphs 141 to 152.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of repairing and maintaining briefcases, calculators and electronic organisers to the extent of their work-related use. A deduction is also allowable for the cost of batteries for calculators and electronic organisers.

A deduction is not allowable for child care expenses, even if a Member must arrange for child care so that he or she can undertake work-related activities. However, we may regard these expenses as 'necessarily incurred' to the extent to which they form part of the costs of a prescribed course of education for the purpose of determining entitlement to a deduction for self education expenses (see Self education expenses, paragraphs 285 to 291).

The High Court held in Lodge v. FC of T (1972) 128 CLR 171; 72 ATC 4174; (1972) 3 ATR 254 that child care expenditure was neither relevant nor incidental to gaining or producing assessable income and was, therefore, not an allowable deduction. The expenditure was also of a private or domestic nature (see, also, Jayatilake v. FC of T (1991) 101 ALR 11; 91 ATC 4516; (1991) 22 ATR 125).

Example: A Member and his spouse are invited to attend a public function. They engage the services of a baby sitter to care for their children. The cost of the child care is not an allowable deduction as it is a private expense (see Case M 71 80 ATC 492; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 46) and Martin v. FC of T 84 ATC 4501; (1984) 15 ATR 808).

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of conventional clothing and footwear, or for the cost of cleaning and maintaining conventional clothing or footwear.

Example: A Member decides, as a result of the televising of parliamentary proceedings, to purchase a range of high quality garments to wear on those occasions. A deduction is not allowable because there is an insufficient connection between the acquisition of these items and the Member's work-related activities. The costs incurred by the Member are also private or domestic in nature.

The fact that conventional clothing is damaged in an accident at work does not alter the private nature of the cost of replacement clothing or the cost of repairing the damage.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of cleaning and maintaining clothing of the kind worn by Members, because the losses or outgoings are private or domestic in nature.

See, also, Taxation Rulings TR 94/22 and TR 97/12.

A deduction is not allowable for recreational club membership fees as they are losses or outgoings of a private nature. Section 26-45 specifically denies a deduction for the cost of recreational club membership, or the right to enjoy the facilities of a club. However, a deduction is allowable for annual fees paid for Airport Lounge membership to the extent to which a Member uses the membership for work-related purposes.

A deduction is not allowable for membership fees of a community group unless the Member's involvement with the community group is for work-related purposes and the fees are not of a private nature.

In Case H33 76 ATC 285; 20 CTBR (NS) Case 87, a member of a State Parliament was allowed a deduction for a subscription to a suburban Catholic Club. The membership was mainly for political reasons and gave the taxpayer little personal advantage.

A deduction is not allowable for membership fees where a community group is established or carried on mainly to provide facilities for the use or benefit of its members for drinking, dining, recreation or entertainment (section 26-45).

A deduction is allowable under section 42-15 for depreciation on the cost of computers, modems and related software and hardware to the extent to which a Member uses them for work-related purposes. A member can depreciate a computer bought on or after 1 July 1991 at the rate of 100% if its cost is $300 or less, or its effective life is less than 3 years.

If a Member buys software separately from a computer, in the period 1 July 1991 to 11 May 1998, a deduction for the full cost of the software is allowable (under the general deduction provisions) in the year in which it is purchased. The Member must apportion the deduction between work-related and private use, if applicable (see Depreciation of equipment, paragraphs 141 to 152).

A deduction is allowable under section 25-10 for the cost of repairs to computer equipment. A Member must apportion the cost of any repair between work-related and private use, if applicable.

A deduction is allowable for the interest paid on money borrowed to finance the purchase of a computer. A Member must apportion the amount of interest between work-related and private use, if applicable.

Subject to the limitations of deductibility for Self education expenses explained at paragraphs 289 and 291, a deduction is allowable for the cost of attending conferences, seminars and training courses to maintain or increase the knowledge, ability or skills required by a Member. There must be a relevant connection between the conference, seminar or training course and the current work-related activities of a Member.

In FC of T v. Finn (1961) 106 CLR 60; (1961) 12 ATD 348, an architect voluntarily studied architectural development overseas. The High Court held (at CLR 70; ATD 352) that: '... a taxpayer who gains income by the exercise of his skill in some profession or calling and who incurs expenses in maintaining or increasing his learning, knowledge, experience and ability in that profession or calling necessarily incurs those expenses in carrying on his profession or calling.'

A deduction is allowable for the cost of travel (fares, accommodation, meals and incidental expenses), registration and conference material costs incurred in attending work-related conferences or seminars.

Example: A Member attends a training seminar delivered by the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance at a venue located away from his workplace and is required to stay overnight. The seminar covers topics such as: dealing with media interviews; how to present a professional image on camera; and wardrobe considerations. The seminar is directly relevant to increasing the Member's knowledge and work-related skills. A deduction is allowable for the cost of attending the seminar.

If part of the cost of a conference, seminar or training course represents the cost of food and drink that is provided, the cost is only an allowable deduction according to the terms of section 32-35 (see Taxation Determination TD 93/195).

If the main purpose in incurring relevant costs is to attend a conference, seminar or training course and the existence of any private activity is merely incidental, no apportionment of the costs is necessary. If attendance at a conference, seminar or training course is only incidental to a private activity (e.g., a holiday) then only those costs directly attributable to the conference, seminar or training course are an allowable deduction. The cost of accommodation, meals and travel directly relating to the private activity is not an allowable deduction under section 8-1.

Example: A Member with responsibilities in the areas of economics and commerce attends a ten day training course on 'Trade negotiations in Asia - a practical guide'. The course is directly relevant to her work-related activities and is held at a resort on the Gold Coast. She takes advantage of this location to take a few days holiday at the end of the course and incurs additional accommodation expenses as a result. As the main purpose in travelling to the resort is to attend the training course, she is entitled to claim the cost of her travel directly to and from the course. However, the only accommodation and meal expenses she can claim are those directly associated with the course.

A deduction is not allowable under section 8-1 for the cost of an item of plant as it is a capital expense.

A deduction is allowable for depreciation of items of plant owned and used by a Member for income-producing purposes (section 42-15). A deduction is also allowable for depreciation of items of plant that a Member does not actually use during the year of income for income-producing purposes, but installs ready for use for that purpose and holds in reserve.

There are two methods of calculating depreciation. These are the prime cost method and the diminishing value method. Depreciation using the prime cost method is calculated as a percentage of the cost of the item of plant. Depreciation using the diminishing value method is calculated initially as a percentage of the plant's cost and thereafter as a percentage of the undeducted cost (the cost of the plant less the sum of the depreciation deductions and any further depreciation amounts that are not allowable as deductions because the plant was not wholly used for income-producing purposes).

A Member can depreciate an item of plant acquired on or after 1 July 1991 at a rate of 100% if its cost is $300 or less (section 42-130), or if its effective life is less than three years (section 42-125). This means that an immediate deduction is available for the cost of such items of plant in the year of income in which the member acquires them. However, the Member may depreciate items at a rate less than 100% if the he or she so elects (section 42-120).

Example: A Member pays $250 for a briefcase that he uses only for work-related activities, e.g., carrying reference books, documents and notes. The amount of $250 is an allowable deduction in the income year in which he acquired the briefcase.

If a Member uses plant partly for work-related purposes and partly for other purposes, the Member should reduce the depreciation deduction to reflect the extent of work-related use (subsection 42-170(1)).

Example: A Member owns a laptop computer that she uses for work-related purposes during the week, and at home on weekends for preparing personal letters. The Member estimates from diary notes that 15% of the computer's use is for private purposes. The Member is entitled to a deduction for 85% of the total depreciation.

If a Member acquires plant part way through an income year, the Member must apportion the depreciation on a pro-rata basis.

We do not accept an arbitrary figure when determining the value of plant for depreciation purposes (Case R62 84 ATC 454; 27 CTBR (NS) Case 113).

Example: A Member purchases a bookcase on 1 July 1996 for $400 but does not use it for work-related purposes until 1 July 1998. He depreciates it at a rate of 13.5% using the diminishing value method.

To determine the opening undeducted cost of the bookcase, the Member should calculate depreciation at the specified rate from the date of purchase to 30 June 1998. The depreciation in the 1997 and 1998 years is $54 and $47 respectively. The opening undeducted cost of the bookcase at 1 July 1998 is $299 ($400 - $54 - $47). In the 1998-99 year, the Member uses the bookcase solely for work-related purposes, and the depreciation expense that is allowable as a deduction is $299 x 13.5% = $40.36, rounded to $41.

Taxation Ruling IT 2685 sets out the current indicative depreciation rates.

Division 30 of the ITAA 1997 contains specific provisions regarding the deductibility of gifts and donations of $2 or more to listed or approved recipients. (See, also, Party membership fees, levies and donations, paragraphs 257 to 259.)

Apart from the specific provisions of Division 30, a deduction is allowable under section 8-1 for the cost of: (i) donations - such as trophies, books and sporting equipment; (ii) gifts - such as flowers and cards for birthdays, anniversaries, funerals and the like and ad hoc emergency monetary assistance to constituents; and (iii) contributions to organisations - such as guides, scouts, church organisations and sporting clubs within the Member's electorate, where the outgoings are directly connected to work-related activitie s, and they are not private or domestic in nature. A deduction may also be allowable for the cost of such donations, gifts and contributions made outside the Member's electorate where that direct connection exists. For example, in the case of a Minister (or Shadow Minister) who makes a donation to an organisation located outside of his or her electorate that performs services in an area covered by his or her portfolio responsibilities. Where a deduction is allowable under one of these provisions, it is not also allowable as a double deduction under the other.

'Donations' for the provision of entertainment are not deductible (see Entertainment expenses, paragraph 176).

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of obtaining or renewing a driver's licence. The cost associated with obtaining a driver's licence is of a capital or private nature. The cost of renewing a licence is private in nature.

In Case R49 84 ATC 387; 27 CTBR (NS) Case 104, the Board of Review held that even though travel was an essential element of the work to be performed by the taxpayer, a driver's licence was still an expense that was private in nature and the cost was not an allowable deduction under subsection 51(1) of the ITAA 1936.

A deduction is allowable for expenditure incurred in contesting Parliamentary elections (section 25-60). Unlike the general deduction provisions of section 8-1, the election expense provisions do not specifically 'deny deductibility on the basis that the outgoings are of a capital, private or domestic nature' (Case S23 85 ATC 253 at 254; 28 CTBR (NS) Case 22 at 169 (Case S23)). However, for a deduction to be allowable, the expenditure must be 'incurred in contesting an election' and it must be of a type that a Member would incur to further his or her chances of being elected to a Parliament.

Claims for election expenses are only allowable where a Member can substantiate them (see Substantiation rules, paragraphs 46 to 56).

In FC of T v. Wilcox 82 ATC 4411; (1982) 13 ATR 395 (Wilcox) it was decided that section 74 of the ITAA 1936 operated to allow the taxpayer deductions for election expenses incurred during a period of some 2 years between the date he was endorsed as a candidate and the date of the election he contested. The Court also agreed that the phrase 'in contesting an election' in subsection 74(1) could be referable to events prior to the commencement of the formal election process.

In Case S23 the Board found (at ATC 255; CTBR 170) that: '[w]hilst the decision in Wilcox provides authority for the view that campaign expenses incurred prior to the official commencement of the election may, in certain circumstances, qualify for deduction in terms of section 74, the precise parameters of time are not clearly defined.'

The Board in Case S23 decided that, having regard to the circumstances of the case before it, particularly the absence of party endorsement, the taxpayer was not engaged in contesting an election when the expenses in question were incurred. In addition, the taxpayer had not established a connection between the expenditure and the contesting of the election necessary for a deduction to be allowable.

The following expenditure, although not an exhaustive list, is typically incurred 'in contesting an election': • advertising and promotional expenses incurred during the election period; • expenses of printing electoral material that is used in the election period; • costs of election-related opinion polls or other research undertaken during the election period; • travel and accommodation costs associated with the campaign; • wages paid to persons employed for campaign purposes; • auditing costs related to reimbursement claims; • costs of campaign novelty items - car stickers, T-shirts, lapel buttons or badges, pens, pencils or balloons; • costs of insurance policies specifically taken out to cover volunteer workers for the campaign; • additional expenditure on postage and telecommunications occasioned by an election; • running costs for vehicles used during the campaign period; • costs of campaign rallies and meetings; • costs of conveying voters to the polls; • payments to scrutineers; • ex-gratia payments to volunteer workers; • nomination deposits; and • costs involved in raffles or other fundraising activities.

A deduction is not allowable for expenses incurred merely because a candidate incurs them during the period of time he or she contests the election, for example, where a candidate incurs 'normal' household expenditure or acquires an asset that he or she may use during and after the election period.

Example: A candidate claims deductions for a series of outgoings directed specifically at an election campaign, together with his normal housekeeping expenses incurred during the election period. A deduction is not allowable for the housekeeping expenses because they are not connected with the candidate's attempt at winning the election.

Example: A candidate owns a car that is nearing the end of its effective life. As she needs a reliable vehicle to use in her election campaign, the candidate purchases another car for a change-over cost of $30,000 and claims this amount as a deduction under section 25-60. A deduction is not allowable for the $30,000 because the car is predominantly used for purposes other than contesting the election. However, running costs of the car incurred in contesting the election are allowable deductions.

Section 25-70 limits the deductions that a candidate can claim under section 25-60 in relation to the provision of entertainment. These expenses are only deductible to the extent to which the candidate incurs them in respect of the provision of entertainment that is available to the public generally, or food or drink to the candidate while travelling overnight in the course of a campaign, unless the expenses of food and drink are incurred in the course of entertaining another person.

A sitting Member who incurs expenditure that is not deductible under some other provision of the ITAA 1997, for example, section 8-1, is not able to gain the benefits of a deduction under section 25-60 merely because he or she may be contesting an election at some time in the future.

In Case S23, a sitting Member incurred expenditure in relation to clothing, hair care, and dry-cleaning (which would not have been deductible under section 8-1). She claimed that the amounts expended would enhance the likelihood of her subsequent re-election and, therefore, the expenses were deductible as election expenses. The Board found (at ATC 256; CTBR 171): '... having due regard to all of the circumstances, particularly those relating to the absence of party endorsement, that the taxpayer was not at that stage engaged in contesting an election, ...'.

A deduction is not allowable under section 25-60 for expenditure incurred in gaining party pre-selection.

In Case J48 77 ATC 425; 21 CTBR (NS) Case 70, the Board disallowed pre-selection expenses because (ATC 427; CTBR 759): '... in our opinion the best view is that pre-selection expenses, even if the pre-selection occurs close to election day, do not constitute expenditure incurred 'in being elected a member, or in contesting an election for membership, of the Parliament', and hence do not fall within section 74 [of the ITAA 1936].'

A person who is seeking to be elected as an independent does not need pre-selection. The time at which an independent candidate commences contesting an election, and from which expenses are incurred for that purpose, is a question of fact that varies according to individual circumstances.

Where a Member receives a recoupment of deductible election expenses, the Member may need to include the amount of the recoupment as assessable income (see Recoupment of deductible expenses, paragraphs 113 and 114).

A deduction is not allowable under the general deduction provisions of section 8-1 for the provision of entertainment (see section 32-5). Of the exceptions to this general rule that are set out in Subdivision 32B, only section 32-35 relating to seminar expenses is relevant to Members (see paragraph 138).

Broadly, the 'provision of entertainment' means entertainment by way of food, drink, recreation, accommodation or travel. Entertainment includes business lunches and social functions, but excludes meals purchased during overnight work-related travel (subsection 32-10(2)).

A deduction is not allowable for 'donations' made under an arrangement for the specific purpose of enabling the recipient to provide entertainment, or to compensate or reimburse the recipient for the cost of providing entertainment, whether made for fund raising purposes or otherwise (see section 32-75).

In Case Y11 91 ATC 184; AAT Case 6641 (1991) 22 ATR 3063, the Tribunal denied a senior officer in the Australian Defence Force, who was involved in negotiations to buy defence equipment, a deduction for expenditure incurred in attending a range of lunches, cocktail parties, dinners and other forms of social contact relevant to the performance of his duties. The officer did direct business on many of those occasions. The Tribunal held that the entertainment provisions (subsection 51AE(4) of the ITAA 1936) operated to deny the claim. It did not matter that the expenditure was directly relevant to business transactions.

In Frankcom v. FC of T (1982) 65 FLR 25; 82 ATC 4599; (1982) 13 ATR 636, a magistrate was denied a deduction under the general deduction provisions for the costs of attending a cocktail party hosted by the Bar Association and Law Society and dinners given by the Queensland Stipendiary Magistrates' Association. The taxpayer's duties as a magistrate did not necessitate his attendance at social functions. Hence, the expenditure was not incidental and relevant to the taxpayer's income-producing activities and was of a private nature. It should be noted, however, that this case was decided prior to the enactment of the entertainment provisions.

Example: A Member provides light refreshments such as tea, coffee, fruit drinks, cakes and biscuits to constituents when they visit her electorate office. A deduction is allowable for the cost of providing these refreshments to the constituents because we do not consider that this amounts to the provision of entertainment, and the expenditure satisfies the general deduction tests.

Example: When entertaining constituents and overseas visitors, a Member often invites guests to join him for a meal, at his expense, in the Parliamentary dining room. The provision of these meals amounts to entertainment and the cost is not an allowable deduction.

Example: A Member hosts a barbecue at which proposals for government funding programs are debated and voted on by invited members of his local business community. The cost of this function is not an allowable deduction because it represents the provision of entertainment.

A Member who is elected to the Senate as the result of a half senate election does not take his or her seat until the 1st of July following the polling day. Similarly, a Member elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council does not take his or her seat until the 22nd of May following the polling day. In both cases, affected Members are not entitled to receive their Parliamentary remuneration until such time as they take their seats.

Retiring Senators and Western Australian MLCs hold their seats, and are entitled to their Parliamentary remuneration until the end of their term in the Parliament. Throughout this period, retiring Members continue to represent their constituencies.

A deduction is not allowable for any losses or outgoings incurred by Members 'elect' prior to the date on which they take their seats because any connection which might exist between them and the income-producing process is too remote.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of attending functions where a Member's attendance is for work-related purposes. A deduction is not allowable if a Member is attending a purely social function, such as a football match or family get-together. These expenses are private in nature and may also relate to the provision of entertainment (see Entertainment expenses, paragraphs 174 to 181).

A deduction is allowable for the cost of attending a function, such as a gathering of parents and citizens who are representing schools within a Member's electorate, where a 'meal' comprising finger food, such as sandwiches, cakes, party pies, sausage rolls and the like is served. That is, the 'meal' is incidental to the main purpose of the gathering. The principle is not altered if refreshments such as tea, coffee, cool drinks and a glass of wine are also served - the function would not constitute entertainment.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of attending a fund raising function if the circumstances are similar to those outlined at paragraph 186, that is, the 'meal' is incidental to the main purpose of the gathering

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of attending functions, such as those outlined at paragraphs 186 and 187, if a more substantial meal, perhaps in the form of a sit-down dinner, is provided. This is because the 'meal' is not merely incidental to the main purpose of the gathering - it is entertainment.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of attending a function, such as a charity ball or cocktail party, whether it is held for fund raising or other purposes. This is because the main reason for gatherings of this type is for entertainment.

We have based the views outlined at paragraphs 185 to 189 on principles that we have considered in Taxation Rulings TR 97/17, IT 2675 and Taxation Determination 94/55. See also Entertainment expenses, paragraphs 174 to 181.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of goods, such as food and clothing, purchased at fetes and fairs. These expenses are considered to be of a private or domestic nature.

Where a Member pays a premium on an insurance policy that provides coverage for public liability insurance for a function or meeting that is not held in Commonwealth funded electorate offices, a deduction is allowable to the extent the premium relates to his or her work-related activities. A premium paid in relation to a purely social function or event is not allowable.

A deduction is allowable for costs incurred by a Member who is represented by another person at functions, presentations and Parliamentary, electorate or party meetings. However, a deduction is not allowable for costs that would not have been deductible to the Member had he or she attended personally.

Example: A Member incurs motor vehicle expenses as a result of his spouse deputising for him at the opening of a government funded youth centre in his electorate. The motor vehicle expenses incurred are an allowable deduction.

A deduction is not allowable for grooming expenses, for example, hairdressing and make-up, as such expenses lack the essential character of expenses incurred in gaining or producing a Member's Parliamentary remuneration.

Hill J considered the deductibility of these expenses in Mansfield v. FC of T 96 ATC 4001; (1995) 31 ATR 367. His Honour was of the view that the cost of make-up incurred by a flight attendant retained an essential personal character that excluded it from deductibility, even though the taxpayer was required by her employer to wear make-up. Hill J also concluded that, although the employer required the taxpayer to be well groomed and presentable, there was no 'additional feature' present that established a relationship between the general hairdressing expenses and the taxpayer's employment as a flight attendant. He held that the hairdressing expenses were not an allowable deduction.

In Case 72/96 96 ATC 640; AAT Case 11,455 (1996) 34 ATR 1098, a television newsreader claimed a deduction for the cost of hairdressing, make-up and other items purchased for use on-camera. The taxpayer stated that she was required to wear her hair in an appropriate style and that the make-up was theatrical in nature. The Administrative Appeals Tribunal found that expenditure on hairdressing or on ordinary make-up purchased in order to be well groomed, was expenditure of a private nature.

Costs associated with a Member's home are normally of a private or domestic nature. However, a deduction may be allowable for a proportion of the expenses associated with a Member's home if part of the home is used in connection with the Member's work-related activities, e.g., an area of the home is a private study.

Taxation Ruling TR 93/30 distinguishes between two types of expenses associated with the home. (a) Occupancy expenses related to ownership, or use of a home, that are not affected by the taxpayer's income-earning activities. These include rent, mortgage interest, municipal and water rates, property taxes, house insurance premiums and repairs to the home; and (b) Running expenses related to the use of facilities in the home. These include heating/cooling and lighting expenses, cleaning costs, depreciation, leasing charges and the cost of repairs to furniture and furnishings in the home office.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of occupancy expenses for Members who maintain an office or study at home if they carry out work-related activities at home as a matter of convenience. This was clearly established by the High Court decisions in Handley v. FC of T (1981) 148 CLR 182; 81 ATC 4165; (1981) 11 ATR 644 (Handley's case) and FC of T v. Forsyth (1981) 148 CLR 203; 81 ATC 4157; (1981) 11 ATR 657. In Handley's case, the High Court decided that Mr Handley's outgoings on mortgage interest, rates and insurance premiums were related to the building and/or home as a whole, and they would remain the same whether or not he worked at home.

This principle is based on the proposition that occupancy expenses are related to a building's primary function as a house, and this is not changed even if a room is set aside exclusively for income-producing purposes (see Thomas v. FC of T (1972) ALR 368; 72 ATC 4094; (1972) 3 ATR 165).

A deduction is allowable for additional running expenses if a Member maintains a separate office or study at home (e.g., for carrying out research, preparing speeches, reading reports, etc). Where the Member uses the office or study exclusively for work-related activities, all of the running costs attributable to that area of a Member's home are allowable as deductions (see FC of T v. Faichney (1972) 129 CLR 38; 72 ATC 4245; (1972) 3 ATR 435). However, where the Member also uses the office or study for other purposes, the Member must apportion running expenses between deductible and non-deductible components.

Some running costs (e.g., heating, cooling and lighting) may be an allowable deduction even though an area of the home has not been set aside exclusively for use as a private office or study. This may occur where a Member uses a room, e.g., the lounge room, for work-related purposes at times when others are not present.

Example: A Member performs work-related activities in his lounge room when it is not being used by other family members. The Member would be entitled to a deduction for expenditure incurred for heating, cooling and lighting etc to the extent to which those costs related directly to the period(s) of such use.

The amount that a Member is entitled to claim is the difference between what was actually paid for heating, cooling and lighting, and what would have been paid had he or she not worked from home. That is, the Member is only entitled to claim a deduction for that portion of the expenditure that relates directly to his or her work-related activities.

Further information can be found in Taxation Ruling TR 93/30 and in Practice Statement PS 1999/4. See also Taxation Ruling IT 2673 for details of the potential capital gains tax (CGT) consequences of using a home office for income-producing purposes.

Where a Member pays a premium on an insurance policy that provides coverage for loss, damage, theft, etc., of equipment that is used in his or her work-related activities, a deduction is allowable to the extent of the equipment's work-related use.

Example: A Member insures the contents of her home. Included in the contents is a computer that she uses exclusively for work-related purposes. The Member is entitled to a deduction for the portion of the insurance premium that is referrable to the value of the computer. If only 50% of the computer's use is for work-related activities, a deduction is only allowable for 50% of that portion of the insurance premium referrable to the computer.

A deduction is allowable for interest on money borrowed to acquire equipment, to the extent to which a Member uses the equipment for work-related purposes. If, for instance, the Member uses the equipment other than for work-related purposes, the Member must apportion the interest between deductible and non-deductible components on the basis of the equipment's usage.

Example: A Member takes out a loan to acquire a computer and associated hardware and software that he will use solely for work-related purposes. A deduction is allowable for the interest incurred in respect of those borrowings.

Where a Member utilises information from the Internet for the purposes of research, or otherwise in the course of carrying out his or her work-related activities, the work-related portion of the fee paid to the Internet Service provider (ISP) is an allowable deduction.

Example: Over a period of one month a Member accesses the Internet for the purpose of work-related research. This research takes the Member 10 hours to complete. For another 10 hours the Member and his family access the Internet for private purposes. The Member has a contract with an ISP that provides him with 20 hours of access to the Internet each month for a $40 fee. The Member is entitled to claim a deduction of $20, i.e., half the $40 fee paid to the ISP.

A deduction is allowable for legal expenses incurred by a Member in defending the day-to-day activities through which he or she gains or produces assessable income (work-related activities), if the losses or outgoings are not capital, private or domestic in nature. Where legal proceedings stem from activities that could not reasonably be regarded as being part of the work-related activities of a Member, the losses or outgoings are not allowable deductions because they are not incurred in the course of gaining or producing assessable income.

In Case V116 88 ATC 737; AAT Case 4,502 (1988) 19 ATR 3703, a member of a board of directors incurred expenses in defending himself against defamation proceedings brought by the dismissed chairman of directors. The Tribunal found, on the facts, that the taxpayer was defending himself against a claim that he had made defamatory remarks in the course of the performance of his duties, and the alleged defamation was not 'private' in character. The deduction was allowed.

In FC of T v. Rowe 95 ATC 4691; (1995) 31 ATR 392, an engineer employed by the Livingston Shire Council incurred legal costs as a result of engaging a solicitor and counsel to defend himself against dismissal during the course of a statutory inquiry established under the Local Government Act 1936-1985 (Qld). Burchett J stated (at ATC 4702-4703; ATR 404): '... I think these expenses should be recognised as incurred by the respondent in defending the manner of his performance of his duties. It was only by so justifying himself that he could make a successful defence against dismissal. When the matter is seen in this light, it falls squarely within the rule discussed in Putnin v. Commissioner of Taxation 91 ATC 4097; (1991) 27 FCR 508. To adapt language there quoted (at ATC 4100; FCR 511) from The Herald and Weekly Times Limited v. FC of T (1932) 2 ATD 169 at 170-172; (1932) 48 CLR 113 at 117-119, the liability in question was incurred, or the claim was encountered, because of the very act of performing the work by which the respondent earned assessable income. The activities which produced the assessable income were what exposed the taxpayer to the liability discharged by the expenditure. As the Court said in Putnin at ATC 4102; FCR 513, so here, 'the ... proceedings arose from the activities by which the taxpayer earned his income, the mode of his performance of a particular task carried out in the course of business operations'.'

Example: A Member incurs legal expenses in being represented before a Royal Commission at which she is required to appear. The Royal Commission is enquiring into Cabinet decisions made during the term of a former Parliament when the Member was a senior Minister. The Member is entitled to a deduction because it is her work-related activities that expose her to the liability for the legal expenses.

A deduction is not allowable where a Member incurs legal expenses to protect his or her personal reputation, and perhaps, his or her seat in Parliament. This is because the losses or outgoings are not incurred in respect of the Member's work-related activities, but are of a capital, private or domestic nature.

In Case N9 81 ATC 56; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 81, the Board of Review disallowed a deduction for legal expenses incurred by a director of a number of companies in defending himself on charges under the Companies Act that stood to affect his future appointment as a director. The expenses were held to be essentially private (as they were incurred to protect his good name and reputation) and of a capital nature (as they were incurred to retain and restore his position). The Board stated (Case N9 at 59; Case 81 at 698) that: 'At all events, it seems to us that the happenings which gave rise to the expenditure, irrespective of whether convictions were recorded against the taxpayer, could not be regarded as normally to be expected in ordinary business transactions or, as in the instant case, to be resorted to as a matter of course by a director or an employee working in the interests of his employer in the course of gaining or producing his personal assessable income.'

In Case W101 89 ATC 821; AAT Case 5,009 (1989) 20 ATR 3421, the taxpayer obtained a corporate credit card at the request of the company that employed him. The cost of overseas air travel undertaken by three other executives of the company was charged to the taxpayer's credit card. The company did not pay the debt and the credit card company sued the taxpayer, who eventually paid the debt. The legal expenses incurred by the taxpayer in relation to the matter (as well as the debt itself) were held not to be deductible, as they were not incurred by him in the course of gaining or producing assessable income.

A deduction is not allowable for losses or outgoings incurred in relation to a Member's personal affairs that are not part of his or her work-related activities because they are not connected with the income-producing process and are private or domestic in nature.

Example: A Member incurred legal expenses in defending an action for breach of contract brought by a former landlord. The action arose in respect of a house used by the Member as a second residence when she was based in Canberra on work-related activities. A deduction is not allowable as the expenditure is of a private or domestic nature.

A deduction is not allowable where a Member incurs legal expenses on behalf of another person because the Member does not incur the losses or outgoings in respect of his or her work-related activities, and they are of a private or domestic nature.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of meals consumed by a Member in the course of a normal working day, that is, where the Member is not travelling away from home overnight on work-related activities (see Travel expenses, paragraph 307). It is our view that the cost of such meals does not have sufficient connection with the work-related activities of the Member and, in any case, the cost is a private expense and fails to meet the tests of deductibility described in paragraphs 91 to 93.

The Full Federal Court considered the deductibility of food costs in FC of T v. Cooper (1991) 29 FCR 177; 91 ATC 4396; (1991) 21 ATR 1616 (Cooper's case). In that case, a professional footballer had been instructed to consume large quantities of food during the off-season to ensure his weight was maintained. By majority, the Full Federal Court found that the cost of additional food was not allowable. Hill J said (at FCR 199-200; ATC 4414; ATR 1636): 'The income-producing activities to be considered in the present case are training for and playing football. It is for these activities that a professional footballer is paid. The income-producing activities do not include the taking of food, albeit that unless food is eaten, the player would be unable to play. Expenditure on food, even as here 'additional food' does not form part of expenditure related to the income-producing activities of playing football or training.' His honour went on to say (at FCR 201; ATC 4415; ATR 1638): 'Food and drink are ordinarily private matters, and the essential character of expenditure on food and drink will ordinarily be private rather than having the character of a working or business expense. However, the occasion of the outgoing may operate to give to expenditure on food and drink the essential character of a working expense in cases such as those illustrated of work-related entertainment or expenditure incurred while away from home.'

We do not accept that a deduction is allowable for the difference between the cost of preparing a home-made meal and the cost of a meal purchased during an ordinary working day.

The fact that a Member might incur the cost of meals, that he or she would not normally incur, as a result of working extended hours, does not alter the private or domestic nature of the outgoings.

In Case Y8 91 ATC 166; AAT Case 6,587 (1991) 22 ATR 3037, a police officer claimed a deduction for the cost of meals while performing special duties away from his normal place of residence, but not involving an overnight stay away from his residence. It was held that the cost of these meals was private in nature and no deduction was allowable under subsection 51(1) of the ITAA 1936.

Example: Due to a late night sitting of Parliament, a Member, who is not travelling away from home overnight, decides to purchase her evening meal in the Parliamentary Dinning Room. A deduction is not allowable for the cost of the meal. The expense is private in nature.

Motor vehicle and other transport expenses, referred to in this section as transport expenses, include public transport fares, and the running costs associated with using motor vehicles, motor cycles, bicycles, etc., for work-related travel. They do not include meals, accommodation and incidental expenses incurred in undertaking work-related travel involving an overnight stay away from a Member's residence (see Travel expenses, paragraphs 307 to 343). The following views on the deductibility of motor vehicle and other transport expenses are subject to the exception outlined in paragraph 246 in connection with a car provided by an 'employer' (see Role of a Member, paragraph 35 - 41).

A Member may work at a number of different places, such as an electorate office, Parliament, a Ministerial office and other places depending on his or her Parliamentary responsibilities. We consider each of these places to be a normal place of work.

However, a Member often needs to perform a diverse range of activities at other places. These constitute alternative places of work. These places are often one-off, or temporary places of work, such as radio and television stations and constituents' homes.

Subject to the exceptions discussed below, a deduction is not allowable for the cost of travel between home and the normal work place. It is not incurred in the course of producing assessable income and, in any case, it is considered to be a private expense. This principle is not altered by the performance of incidental tasks undertaken en route, nor is the principle changed if the travel is outside working hours or includes a second or subsequent trip (see Taxation Ruling MT 2027, paragraph 34).

Example: A Member normally travels directly to Parliament when it is sitting. She collects her mail at her electorate office on the way to Parliament, but does nothing else at the electorate office. No deduction is allowable for her transport expenses. The incidental nature of picking up the mail does not alter the essential character of her travelling between home and work.

The High Court considered the deductibility of transport expenses incurred in travelling between home and work in (Lunney's case). Williams, Kitto and Taylor JJ stated that (CLR 498-499; ATD 412-413): 'The question whether the fares which were paid by the appellants are deductible under section 51 should not and, indeed, cannot be solved simply by a process of reasoning which asserts that because expenditure on fares from a taxpayer's residence to his place of employment or place of business is necessary if assessable income is to be derived, such expenditure must be regarded as 'incidental and relevant' to the derivation of such income ... But to say that expenditure on fares is a prerequisite to the earning of a taxpayer's income is not to say that such expenditure is incurred in or in the course of gaining or producing his income.'

The fact that the travel is outside normal working hours, or involves a second or subsequent trip, does not change this principle.

For more information see paragraph 6 of Taxation Ruling IT 2543, Taxation Ruling IT 112 and Taxation Determination TD 93/113.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of travelling directly between two separate work places.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of travel from a Member's normal work place to other work places. A deduction is also allowable for the cost of travel from an alternative work place back to a normal work place or directly home. This travel is undertaken in the performance of a Member's work-related activities. The cost of the travel is incurred in the course of a Member's income-producing activities and is an allowable deduction.

Example: A Member is required to travel from her electorate office to a constituent's home. The cost of the travel undertaken from the electorate office directly to her constituent's home, and then back to the electorate office, or directly home, is an allowable deduction.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of travel from home to an alternative work place. The cost of travel from the alternative work place to the normal work place, or directly home, is also an allowable deduction (see Taxation Ruling MT 2027, paragraphs 32 to 35).

Example: A Member ordinarily travels from home directly to her electorate office on Monday. On occasions she travels from her home to a radio station to conduct an interview, and afterwards travels to her electorate office. The cost of the travel undertaken from her home to the radio station, and then on to the electorate office, or directly home, is an allowable deduction.

The annual membership fee is taken into account in calculating the deduction allowable if a Member uses either the log book method or one-third of actual expenses method to claim work-related car expenses. For a deduction to be allowable the Member must own or lease the car.

A deduction is allowable for membership fees paid to an Automobile Association or Club for the provision of roadside or break down services in respect of work-related activities. Although members are usually entitled to additional benefits, such as the provision of a magazine, travel and legal advice, we consider these benefits to be incidental to the main purpose of membership, that is, the provision of roadside or breakdown service. A deduction is not allowable for a joining fee as this is an expense of a capital nature.

A depreciation balancing adjustment may be necessary on the disposal of a motor vehicle that a Member owned and used for work-related purposes (see Taxation Ruling IT 2493).

The cost of cleaning a vehicle is taken into account in calculating the deduction allowable if either the log book method or one-third of actual expenses method is used to claim work-related car expenses. For a deduction to be allowable the Member must own or lease the car.

Section 42-80 imposes a limit on the depreciable cost base of motor cars (including station wagons and four-wheel drive vehicles) if the acquisition cost is greater than a specified amount. The depreciable cost base limit applies to both new and second hand vehicles (see Taxation Ruling TR 93/24).

A deduction is not allowable for car expenses, and depreciation, related to a car if: (a) the car is provided by an 'employer' (see Role of a Member, paragraph 35 - 41) for the exclusive use of the Member and/or their relatives; and (b) the Member and/or their relatives are entitled to use the car for private purposes (see section 51AF of the ITAA 1936).

Section 51AF of the ITAA 1936 does not preclude deductions for expenses associated with the use of the car but that are not costs related to the car itself, e.g., parking fees and tolls (see Case Y43 91 ATC 412; AAT Case 7,273 (1991) 22 ATR 3402).

A deduction is allowable for parking fees and tolls (but not fines) if a Member incurs the expenses while travelling: (a) on work-related activities where the travelling expenses are allowable deductions; or (b) for self education purposes where the self education expenses are allowable deductions (see paragraph 289).

A deduction is not allowable under section 8-1 for the cost of newspapers that a Member does not purchase specifically for work-related purposes as the cost of such newspapers is essentially private in nature. Although a Member may use some part of the information in these newspapers in the course of his or her work, the connection between the cost incurred and any work-related benefit gained is usually remote and merely incidental to the private component. This view is supported by: Case K68 78 ATC 667; (1978) 22 CTBR (NS) Case 86; Case N67 81 ATC 349; (1981) 25 CTBR (NS) Case 18; Case P114 82 ATC 586; (1982) 26 CTBR (NS) Case 47 and Case P124 82 ATC 629; (1982) 26 CTBR (NS) Case 55.

These cases can be contrasted with Case R70 84 ATC 493; (1984) 27 CTBR (NS) Case 124, where a supervisor in the Commonwealth Auditor-General's Department was allowed a deduction for the cost of certain issues of The National Times and The Australian Financial Review. In this case the Board of Review held that there was a sufficient connection between the duties carried out by the taxpayer and the content of the issues purchased. A deduction was not allowed for the cost of the taxpayer's local newspaper, The Canberra Times, as the expense was held to be essentially private in nature.

However, we accept that Members may need to directly utilise particular newspapers as part of their work-related activities. If the main reason a Member purchases a particular newspaper is for its use in the course of his or her work-related activities, the cost is allowable as a deduction (analogous cases: Case S12 85 ATC 165; 28 CTBR (NS) Case 18 and Case U5 87 ATC 124).

Example: A Member has three of the major Sydney newspapers delivered to her home. Before leaving home in the morning she scrutinises the major political interest stories from two of these papers, and takes any relevant pages with her to her electorate office. As this activity is directed solely to her work-related activities, and any private use is purely incidental, the cost of the two newspapers is an allowable deduction. However, the cost of the third newspaper, that is used for private reading at home, is not an allowable deduction.

In addition, some Members require access to specialist newspapers because of the nature of their particular work-related activities. Where such a requirement exists, a deduction is allowable for the full cost of purchasing, or subscribing to, these publications.

Example: A Minister (or Shadow Minister) with a finance-related portfolio takes out an annual subscription to The Australian Financial Review. The full cost of the subscription is an allowable deduction. However, other Members whose role does not include responsibility for specific finance-related matters, who also purchase this newspaper, are not entitled to deductions except for the cost of those issues used directly in the course of their work-related activities.

A Member is entitled to a deduction for the cost of newspapers that he or she purchases for use by staff and constituents in his or her electorate office.

However, if a Member receives a reimbursement for the cost of purchasing newspapers that would otherwise be fully or partly deductible, and the reimbursement is a fringe benefit under the FBTAA, the deduction otherwise allowable is to be reduced by the amount of the reimbursement (see Reimbursements, paragraphs 65 to 70).

A deduction is allowable under section 8-1 for a Member's ordinary membership subscription to a political party, and for compulsory levies paid to retain membership of the party.

A deduction is allowable under Subdivision 30-DA, up to a maximum of $1,500 in any one income year, for donations of $2 or more made to political parties that are registered under Part XI of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 or under corresponding State or Territory legislation.

A deduction is also allowable Subdivision 30-DA, up to a maximum of $1,500 in any one income year, for donations of $2 or more made to independent candidates or independent Members who are not endorsed by, or members of, political parties that are registered under Part XI of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 or under corresponding State or Territory legislation.

A deduction is allowable for expenses incurred by a Member in being a patron of an organisation there is a direct connection between the Member's position as a Patron and his or her work-related activities. Where a Member acts as the patron for personal reasons, any expenses incurred in relation to that position are not allowable deductions because they are private or domestic in nature.

Example: A Member who is patron of a youth group in his electorate incurs expenses in travelling from home to the annual general meeting of the group. He also contributes $100 towards the cost of the meeting. The Member's participation as patron of this group formed part of his program of maintaining contact with his constituents. Both expenses are allowable deductions. The transport expenses are allowable because the meeting place is an alternative work place (see Motor vehicle and other transport expenses, paragraphs 239 and 240) and the $100 contribution is directly connected with the Member's work-related activities (see Donations, paragraphs 153 to 155).

A deduction is allowable for depreciation of a professional library used by a Member for work-related activities (section 42-15). If the Member purchases an individual reference book on or after 1 July 1991 the Member can depreciate it at a rate of 100% if its cost is $300 or less (section 42-130), or if its effective life is less than three years (section 42-125). Where this provision applies, an immediate deduction is available for the cost of each book in the year in which the Member purchased it. However, the Member may depreciate a book at a rate less than 100% if he or she so chooses (section 42-120).

Taxation Ruling IT 2685 sets out the current indicative depreciation rates.

For depreciation purposes, a Member may only include reference books in the professional library if their content is directly relevant to a Member's work-related activities. Depreciation deductions are not allowable in respect of encyclopaedias and general reference books because their content is non-specific.

In Case P26 82 ATC 110; (1982) 25 CTBR (NS) Case 90, the Board of Review allowed a university lecturer a deduction for depreciation on legal books but denied a deduction for depreciation on general reading and fiction books. The Board stated (ATC 116; CTBR 666): 'No doubt the illustrations and anecdotes which he was able to use did serve as useful teaching aids but in my view these activities were not plant or articles within the meaning of section 54 of the Act [ITAA 1936], as they were not used or installed ready for use for the purpose of producing assessable income.'

If the cost of a textbook is allowable as a deduction under a provision of the ITAA 1997 other than the depreciation provisions, its cost may not be added to the value of a professional library and depreciated. For example, a Member may have claimed a deduction for the cost of a textbook as part of her self education expenses. The Member cannot also include the cost of this textbook in the value of a professional library for depreciation purposes (see Depreciation of equipment, paragraphs 141 to 152).

In attending fetes and other community activities, Members are often encouraged, and indeed expected, to purchase raffle tickets. Similarly, in carrying out the duties of their designated portfolios, Ministers (or Shadow Ministers) attend certain functions and activities within the community where they are also expected to purchase raffle tickets.

Expenditure on raffle tickets is an allowable deduction where the expenses are incurred in attending functions or activities within the Member's electorate in his or her capacity as a Member, i.e., not in some private capacity. Members should ensure that they have appropriate records that enable the basis of claims for raffle ticket expenses to be determined.

Example: A Member attends the annual fete of a school in her electorate as part of her regular program of maintaining contact with her constituents. The Member's children attend other schools, and she has no private connection with the school in her electorate. In the course of the fete, the Member spends $30 on raffle tickets she is asked to buy. The cost of the raffle tickets is an allowable deduction because it is an expense directly connected to her work-related activities as a Member.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of raffle tickets purchased outside a Member's electorate unless the Member is undertaking work-related representational activities on behalf of his or her electorate, or on behalf of another Member.

Similarly, where a Minister (or Shadow Minister) purchases raffle tickets at an activity or function outside his or her electorate, a deduction is allowable where there is a direct connection between the occasion of the outgoing and his or her portfolio related responsibilities.

Example: A Member with responsibilities in the education area is invited to attend a speech night at a school outside his electorate. During the evening, the Member agrees to buy $20 worth of raffle tickets. The $20 is an allowable deduction.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of raffle tickets bought by a Member in a private capacity rather than in carrying out work-related activities. For example, where a Member buys raffle tickets at the local shops from XYZ Charity while doing his or her weekly grocery shopping, or purchases tickets from his or her secretary who is fund raising for a children's sporting club.

The prospect of a Member winning a prize as the result of purchasing a raffle ticket is so remote that, if it does occur, the prize constitutes a windfall gain. The value of the gain does not form part of a Member's assessable income. However, if a Member subsequently disposes of a prize, there may be CGT consequences.

A deduction is not allowable under section 8-1 for losses or outgoings incurred when a Member changes his or her residential location, as they are not incurred in the course of work-related activities and, in any case, are private or domestic in nature. This principle applies to transfers within an electorate and between electorates. Expenses that fall into this category include temporary board and lodging; freight to consign personal and educational items; insurance; and hire of vehicles to transport items.

In Fullerton v. FC of T (1991) 32 FCR 486; 91 ATC 4983; (1991) 22 ATR 757, the taxpayer worked for the Queensland Forest Service (QFS) as a professional forester for over 20 years. In that time, QFS transferred him to a number of different locations. His position ceased to exist as a result of a reorganisation and he had no choice but to accept a transfer to avoid retrenchment. The QFS reimbursed a portion of the relocation expenses incurred and the taxpayer claimed the remainder as a tax deduction. It was held that the expenditure on the taxpayer's domestic or family arrangements was not an allowable deduction under subsection 51(1) of the ITAA 1936, even though the expenses had a causal connection with the derivation of his assessable income.

In Case U91 87 ATC 525, the taxpayer, a Commonwealth public servant, was transferred at the request of his employer from a State office to the central office of the department in Canberra. He was denied a deduction for expenses incurred in attempting to auction his house. It was held the connection between the expenses and the income-producing process was too remote for the expenses to be said to have been incurred in gaining or producing assessable income.

Relocation expenses incurred by a Member as a result of an undertaking given to move to the electorate after being elected, are not election expenses for the purposes of section 25-60 (see Election expenses, paragraphs 158 to 173).

Taxation Rulings IT 2406, IT 2481, IT 2566, and IT 2614 provide further information on the treatment of relocation expenses.

A deduction is allowable for repairs to equipment that a Member uses or holds solely for work-related purposes, (see subsection 25-10(1)). If the Member uses or holds the equipment only partly for income producing purposes, the deduction is limited to an amount that is reasonable in the circumstances (see subsection 25-10(2)).

Example: A Member expends $200 on repairs that are carried out on a computer that he uses 60% for work-related purposes and 40% for private purposes. The Member is entitled to a deduction for 60% of the repair costs, i.e., $120.

A deduction is not allowable for expenses incurred in obtaining and maintaining guard dogs for the protection of Members and/or their families. The expenses are not incurred in the course of work-related activities and are, in any case, private or domestic in nature. For the same reasons, a deduction is not allowable for the installation, maintenance and depreciation of a security system at a Member's residence. The cost of installing a security system is also an outgoing of capital, or of a capital nature.

However, a deduction is allowable for the depreciation and maintenance of a security system installed in a Member's electorate office where the Member incurs the costs of installation and maintenance. A deduction is also allowable for the depreciation and maintenance of a security system installed in an additional property (not used as a Member's residence) to the extent to which the Member is entitled to a deduction for expenses associated with that additional property (see paragraphs 328 to 336).

In Case T20 86 ATC 211; 29 CTBR (NS) Case 23 and Case V144 88 ATC 906; AAT Case 4,609 (1988) 19 ATR 3880, the taxpayers were Family Court Judges who were advised to improve the security of their private residences for safety reasons. In both cases, it was held that the expenses incurred in installing a security system and maintaining a guard dog were essentially private in nature and no deduction was allowable.

Subject to the limit on deductibility explained at paragraphs 289 to 291, a deduction is allowable for self-education expenses under section 8-1 where the education is directly relevant to a Member's current work-related activities.

A deduction is not allowable if the education is designed to enable a Member to get employment, to obtain new employment, or to open up a new income producing activity (FC of T v. Maddalena 71 ATC 4161; (1971) 2 ATR 541).

Self-education includes courses undertaken at an educational institution (whether leading to a formal qualification or not), attendance at work-related conferences, seminars and training courses, self-paced learning and study tours (see Conferences, seminars and training courses, paragraphs 134 to 140).

Self-education expenses include fees, travel expenses (e.g., attending an interstate conference), transport costs, books and equipment.

A self-education expense that is an allowable deduction under section 8-1 is limited if it falls under the definition of an 'expense of self-education' under section 82A of the ITAA 1936. Generally, an 'expense of self-education' needs to be incurred in connection with a 'prescribed course of education'. A 'prescribed course of education' refers to an organised course of study provided by schools, colleges or universities. It also includes a course provided by an institution or organisation whose primary function is to provide systematic instruction, training or schooling in a subject, skill or trade.

If a self-education expense that is deductible under section 8-1 is also regarded as an 'expense of self-education' under section 82A, then the deduction allowable under section 8-1 cannot be greater than the net amount of expenses of self-education less $250.

Taxation Ruling TR 98/9 provides further information on self education expenses.

A deduction is allowable under section 8-1 for the cost of buying, or subscribing to, journals, periodicals and magazines that have a content directly connected to a Member's work-related activities, provided the contents of the publications are not general in nature. For example, a deduction is not allowable for the cost of buying magazines such as Time, The Bulletin and Reader's Digest as they are general interest publications.

In Case P124 82 ATC 629; 26 CTBR (NS) Case 55, the Board of Review denied an air traffic controller a deduction for the cost of aviation magazines. Dr G W Beck (Member) said (at ATC 634; CTBR 422): 'There might be some tenuous connection between the cost of aviation magazines and the maintenance of knowledge necessary for holding a flying licence ... but it seems to me that the possible connection is altogether too remote.'

This can be contrasted with Case R70 84 ATC 493; 27 CTBR (NS) Case 124, where the Board allowed an accountant employed with the Public Service a deduction for the cost of publications produced by a business and law publisher. The nexus between the expense and the accountant's occupation was established, as the publications contained current technical information that related to her day-to-day work. However, she was not allowed a deduction for the cost of daily newspapers and periodicals.

Example: A Minister (or Shadow Minister) with a finance-related portfolio takes out an annual subscription to The Economist. The full cost of the subscription is an allowable deduction. However, other Members whose role does not include responsibility for specific finance-related matters and who also purchase this journal, are not entitled to deductions except for the cost of particular issues used directly in the course of their work-related activities.

A deduction is allowable for the cost of telephone calls made from a Member's home in the course of carrying out his or her work-related activities.

A Member may identify work-related calls from an itemised telephone account. If the Member does not prepare such an account, we will accept a reasonable estimate of call costs, based on diary entries of calls made over a period of one month, together with relevant telephone accounts for substantiation purposes.

If a Member is reimbursed for the cost of calls that would otherwise be fully or partly deductible, and the reimbursement is a fringe benefit under the FBTAA, the deduction otherwise allowable is reduced by the amount of the reimbursement.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of installing or connecting telephones, answering machines, pagers, beepers or other telecommunications equipment, as the expenditure is of a capital nature. Whether the connection is made to a Member's electorate office or private residence does not change this. If the connection is made to a Member's residence, we also consider it to be private or domestic in nature.

In Case M53 80 ATC 357; 24 CTBR (NS) Case 29, Dr P Gerber (Member) stated (at ATC 359; CTBR 236): '... on payment of the connection fee, this taxpayer brought into existence an advantage for the enduring benefit of his newly established medical practice ... It follows that it is 'like' an expenditure of a capital nature.'

A deduction is allowable for a proportion of private home telephone equipment rental costs where a Member can demonstrate, for example, based on the number of calls recorded in diary notes, that he or she has a work-related need to use private telephone equipment outside normal 'office' hours.

If a Member is reimbursed for rental costs that would otherwise be fully or partly deductible, and the reimbursement is a fringe benefit under the FBTAA, the deduction otherwise allowable is reduced by the amount of the reimbursement.

A deduction is not allowable for the cost of obtaining an unlisted number as it is private or domestic in nature (see Taxation Determination TD 93/115).

A deduction is allowable under section 8-1 for annual fees paid to a trade, business or professional association to the extent to which the fees relate to a Member's work-related activities. A deduction is not allowable for an initial fee paid to join an association, as it is an outgoing of a capital nature. Taxation Rulings IT 299, IT 327, IT 2062 and IT 2416 provide further information on the treatment of trade and professional association fees.

A deduction is not allowable for payments to staff social clubs or associations (section 26-45).

Where the services provided by a trade, business or professional association do not directly relate to a Member's work-related activities and are, therefore, not deductible under section 8-1. A deduction is allowable, up to a maximum of $42, for the cost of membership of that organisation (section 25-55).

A deduction is allowable for the cost of travel incurred by a Member on work-related travel.

Under Subdivision 900-B of the ITAA 1997, a deduction is not allowable for travel expenses unless the expense qualifies as a deduction under a provision of the Act.

Travel expenses referred to in this section are those expenses incurred by a Member on fares, meals, accommodation and incidental expenses in undertaking work-related travel involving an overnight stay away from his or her residence. They do not include public transport fares, and running costs associated with using motor vehicles, motor cycles, bicycles, etc., dealt with under Motor vehicle and other transport expenses at paragraphs 228 to 248. Travel expenses include losses or outgoings incurred on both domestic and overseas travel. Deductions can only be claimed for expenses actually incurred, whether or not an allowance is received. (See also Substantiation rules at paragraphs 46 to 56).

Example: A Member travels by air from Perth to Canberra to attend Parliamentary sittings. He stays in Canberra for three days, and then travels by air to Melbourne to chair a Parliamentary committee meeting. He stays overnight in Melbourne and, on the following day, travels to Ballarat to pursue business that arose at the committee meeting. He travels from Ballarat, via Melbourne, back to Perth. A deduction is allowable for travel expenses incurred by the Member in respect of the whole journey.

Travel expenses that are unconnected with a Member's work-related activities are not allowable deductions. They are not incurred in the course of gaining or producing assessable income and, in any case, are of a private or domestic nature.

Example: A Member flies from her New South Wales country electorate to Sydney to attend Parliamentary sittings for five days. On the conclusion of those sittings, she is joined by her family for a holiday in Sydney that extends for two days. Although she incurs accommodation and other expenses in Sydney for seven days, no part of the expenses incurred in respect of the two day holiday period is allowable as a deduction. However, she would be entitled to claim the full cost of her return fare because the main purpose of the travel was work-related.

The receipt of an allowance does not automatically entitle a Member to a deduction for travel expenses (see Taxation Ruling IT 2543 Income tax: transport allowances: deductibility of expenses incurred in travelling between home and work and Taxation Determination TD 93/174 Income tax: does the receipt of a travel allowance automatically entitle an employee to a deduction for travel expenses under section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997?). Travel expenses covered by a travel allowance for accommodation, food, drink and incidentals, but not fares, constitute 'travel allowance expenses' for substantiation purposes (see subsection 900-30(2)). This means a deduction is not allowable unless written evidence of the expense has been obtained and retained by the Member.

As explained at paragraphs 51 to 55, substantiation is not required when: (i) a Member receives a domestic travel allowance for accommodation, food, drink or incidentals, or an overseas travel allowance for food, drink or incidentals; and (ii) the amount of the deduction the Member claims for expenses covered by the allowance is no more than the reasonable amount notified in the annual Reasonable Allowances Ruling (see, for example, TD 2016/13 for the 2016-17 income year). However, the Member must still be able to demonstrate the deductibility of the expenses incurred.

Example: In the 1998-99 year of income, a Member travels to a capital city and stays overnight. He is paid a travel allowance of $320 (see paragraph 30 of Taxation Ruling TR 98/10 Income tax: reasonable allowances amounts for the 1998-99 income year). This amount is used for accommodation, meals and incidentals. Because of the Withholding Variation applicable to travel allowances explained at paragraphs 57 to 64, the travel allowance is not shown on the Member's payment summary. The Member is not obliged to include the allowance received in his assessable income, provided that he has used the allowance for deductible travel related expenses and he does not claim as a deduction the travel allowance expenses in his income tax return.

[Omitted.]

Example: A Member travels from his country electorate to a capital city to attend a Parliamentary sitting. He receives a travel allowance of $3,200 in respect of the sitting. The Member only incurs $2,750 on travel allowance expenses. He must include the full amount of the $3,200 allowance received in his assessable income, and limit his claim for deduction to $2,750.

Where a Member claims a deduction in excess of a reasonable allowance amount, the Member must substantiate the whole claim , not just the excess over the reasonable allowance amount.

Example: A Member travels from her country electorate to a capital city to attend a Parliamentary sitting. She receives a travel allowance of $3,200 in respect of the sitting. The reasonable allowance amount for the trip is $3,200. The Member expends $3,800 on travel allowance expenses. If she wishes to claim a deduction for the total expenses of $3,800, the Member must have written evidence to support the whole of her claim, not just the $600 excess over the reasonable amount. The Member must also include the full amount of the $3,200 allowance received in her assessable income.

Alternatively, if the Member chose not to keep written evidence of her expenses of a standard sufficient to satisfy the substantiation rules in respect of the total expenses of $3,800, she does not need to include the allowance of $3,200 as assessable income provided that she does not claim a deduction for the expenses in her income tax return. However, she must still be able to demonstrate the deductibility of travel expenses of at least $3,200.

A deduction is allowable for work-related travel expenses not covered by a travel allowance to the extent to which they can be substantiated in accordance with the substantiation rules (see paragraphs 46 to 56). As no travel allowance is received for this category of expenses, the exception to the substantiation rules cannot apply.

Example: A Member incurred work-related travel expenses totalling $550 that were not covered by an allowance. She can only substantiate $475 of the travel expenses, and the nature and quality of her records is insufficient to satisfy the Commissioner that he should grant relief from the substantiation rules in respect of the remaining $75. The Member is only entitled to a deduction of $475.

A travel allowance that is not paid to cover relevant expenses for specific journeys undertaken, or to be undertaken, for work-related travel, is not a travel allowance for the purposes of the exception from substantiation, i.e., a Member needs to substantiate the expenses with written evidence. For example, this could occur where a Member uses part of his or her electorate allowance to travel within the electorate. The electorate allowance is not paid in respect of specific journeys undertaken, or to be undertaken, by the Member - it is paid to cover a variety of obligations associated with a Member's duties. Travel allowances that are paid in the form of fixed annual entitlements do not come within the statutory definition of 'travel allowances' because it could not be said that they are paid 'to cover losses or outgoings ... that you incur for travel away from your ordinary residence' (see subsection 900-30(3) and paragraphs 59 to 63 of Taxation Ruling TR 1999/7).

However, a fixed annual entitlement for work-related travel expenses may be a travel allowance where the allowance is based on a specified number of overnight stays and there is a requirement, where a Member does not travel for the number of overnight stays in the year in question, for the Member to repay that part of the entitlement referrable to the trips not undertaken.

Where a Member travels for more than the number of overnight stays covered by an annual travel allowance of the kind referred to at paragraph 324, he or she is entitled to a deduction for work-related travel expenses incurred in respect of these additional overnight stays. As these additional overnight travel expenses are not covered by a travel allowance, a Member needs to substantiate the expenses incurred in respect of the additional overnight travel with written evidence.

A deduction is not allowable for losses or outgoings incurred that are attributable to a relative accompanying a Member while travelling, unless: (i) the relative performs substantial duties; and (ii) the relative is either a fellow Member, a common law employee of the Commonwealth of Australia, a State or a Territory, as the case may be, or an employee of the Member; and (iii) it is reasonable to conclude that the relative would still have accompanied the Member even if he or she had not had a personal relationship with the Member (see section 26-30).

For section 26-30 purposes, if a Member makes a single outgoing , an apportionment may be necessary to determine the amount attributable to the accompanying relative. The method of determining that amount depends on the individual circumstances of the case (see Case R2 84 ATC 106; 27 CTBR (NS) Case 53; Case S80 85 ATC 589; 28 CTBR (NS) Case 88 and Case V39 88 ATC 335; AAT Case 4,157 (1988) 19 ATR 3292).

A Member may choose to rent or buy a property rather than stay in a hotel or other commercial establishment when travelling away from home for work.

Whether a Member can claim a deduction for expenses associated with such a property, and to what extent, depends on the ordinary principles of deductibility under section 8-1 that apply to all taxpayers. If a Member claims deductions for a property used as accommodation for work-related purposes, they must declare any allowances as assessable income (see paragraph 11).

A deduction can only be claimed to the extent that the expense is incurred 'in the course of' gaining or producing assessable income' meaning that it is 'incidental and relevant' to the income producing activities of the taxpayer: (see paragraph 93).

There are a number of cases that have considered how the ordinary principles of deductibility apply to expenses incurred in financing, holding and maintaining accommodation occupied by a taxpayer for work. See Charlton; FC of T v. Toms (1989) 20 ATR 466; 89 ATC 4373.

The prevailing principle derived from these cases is that where a taxpayer's expenses are incurred because of a choice they made about where to live, the expenses are of a private or domestic nature and are, therefore, not deductible.

In Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v. FC of T (1993) 43 FCR 223; (1993) 116 ALR 482; (1993) 26 ATR 76; 93 ATC 4508 (RTA), Hill J of the Federal Court found that where a taxpayer is 'required by his employer, and for the purposes of his employer, to reside, for periods at a time, away from home and at the work site', this operates to stamp associated expenditure (including on accommodation) with 'a business or employment related character'. Hill J emphasised the fact that the employees in that case did not spend inordinate periods of time at the work locations so that they became their home. The employees maintained permanent homes elsewhere and travelled home regularly (see ATC 4522).

While it is 'not for Courts or the Commissioner to say how much a taxpayer ought to spend in obtaining his income...' (Tweddle v. FCT [1942] HCA 40; (1942) 180 CLR 1 ; Cecil Bros Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1964) 111 CLR 430 per Owen J at 434), there are a number of cases that have considered whether disproportionate expenditure is indicative of there being another object in incurring the expense that is not connected to the gaining or producing of the taxpayer's assessable income: Robert G Nall Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1937) 57 CLR 695; Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Phillips (1978) 8 ATR 783; Ure v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1981) 11 ATR 783.

In Fletcher v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1991) 173 CLR 1, the High Court stated that, where there is a 'disproportion between the detriment of the outgoing and the benefit of the income' one must examine the whole set of circumstances, including direct and indirect objects and advantages which the taxpayer sought in incurring the expense in order to properly characterise the expense (at CLR 18-19). Apportionment may be necessary where there is another object in incurring the expense other than producing assessable income (see CLR 19).

A deduction is not available to the extent that the expense is capital, private or domestic in nature. It has been accepted by the Courts that an expense may be both incurred in gaining or producing assessable income and private or domestic in nature so that it is excluded from deductibility: John v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1989) 166 CLR 417 at 427; [1989] HCA 5.

A deduction is allowable for expenses incurred by a Member in financing, holding and maintaining an additional property which they purchase or rent if it is occupied by them as accommodation in the course of travelling for work, except to the extent the expenses are of a capital, private or domestic nature.

The Member may claim such expenses only if the travel is required in undertaking their duties, rather than because of a choice the Member has made as to where to live, and they are working away from home for relatively short periods and have a permanent home elsewhere: Charlton, RTA.

Example of property not used for work-related travel: After a Member is appointed to the Federal Ministry at the beginning of a new Parliament, he purchases a house in Canberra so he can live close to the National Parliament. His wife and children move with him into the Canberra house, and he leases the family home in Melbourne on a commercial basis. The Member's children commence full time education in Canberra and in the relevant income year, the family reside in the Canberra house for nine months. During this period, the entire family is only ever away from the Canberra house on one occasion for a family holiday.

The Member is considered to have moved to the Canberra house on a permanent basis. Therefore, it could not be said that the Member is travelling away from home for work-related duties during the period of occupancy. Any expenses incurred by the Member in relation to the Canberra house are private or domestic in nature, and are not allowable deductions.

This view has equal application to State and Territory Members of Parliament.

A Member whose permanent home is in their electorate and who travels temporarily to Canberra (or in the case of a regionally based State Member, another capital city) to attend Parliament is travelling in the course of their duties.

The non-capital costs a Member incurs in financing, holding and maintaining a property they purchase or lease, and occupy during the year in undertaking this travel, may be productive of the Member's assessable income even though the Member occupies the property for only part of the year: a narrow approach should not be taken to what is productive of assessable income: Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Day (2008) 236 CLR 163.

However, if the expenses are disproportionate to what the member would have paid for suitable commercial accommodation for the period of the travel, a deduction is not allowable to the extent that the expenses are incurred in the pursuit of another object unrelated to the earning of the Member's assessable income: Phillips, Ure, Fletcher. Other objects may include investment or, income splitting with an associated person or with or through an associated entity.

Expenses that may be claimed for work-related travel include: lease payments; rent; interest on borrowings used to acquire the property; rates; taxes; insurance; general maintenance of the building and grounds. A deduction is also allowable for depreciation of plant (such as furniture and household equipment) used in connection with such a property.

Example: A Member of a State Parliament maintains a residence in her country electorate. Her Parliamentary duties require her to stay intermittently in the capital city for a total of four months each year. The Member prefers not to stay in hotels. She takes out a three year lease of an apartment in the capital city to provide her with the necessary accommodation while travelling away from home. The yearly cost of the lease is commensurate with the cost of staying in short term commercial accommodation for the four month period. She leases the apartment through a real estate agent on commercial terms and the lessor is not an associate of the Member. The Member's husband and children remain in the family home, the only exception being the use of the city apartment on two weekends by her eldest daughter.

The Member is entitled to deductions for the lease rental and other non-capital expenses, and depreciation of plant, in relation to the apartment without apportionment. The minimal use of the property by her eldest daughter may be disregarded.

Example: A Member may buy a property in a location where they spend two weeks each year for a work related purpose (for example, an annual visit to a regional town in the Member's electorate). The costs of financing, holding and maintaining the additional property for an income year are disproportionate to the costs the Member would otherwise incur for alternative commercial accommodation over a two week period. The costs are incurred both in gaining the Member's assessable income and in maintaining a capital investment. In these circumstances, apportionment of the Member's expenses is required.

Where a Member uses the property for a private or domestic purpose in addition to work related accommodation, the Member may similarly have to apportion relevant losses or outgoings between deductible and non-deductible components. The method of any such apportionment could only be determined after consideration of all relevant facts, but would generally follow the 'common sense' approach adopted in Case V39 88 ATC 335; AAT Case 4,157 (1988) 19 ATR 3292. Merely incidental or immaterial usage not connected with work-related travel may be disregarded.

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

Example: In the example at paragraph 328R, if other family members used the city apartment for two periods of two weeks during term breaks, and one period of eight weeks (a total of three months) at times when the Member was not using the apartment, a deduction is only allowable for three quarters of the total expenses.

Where two or more Members share a property , the deductions allowable to each Member depends on: • whether the property is owned, leased or rented; • the form of ownership, where applicable; and • the financial arrangements implemented between the Members.

The deductions allowable to individual Members can only be established after a consideration of the facts of each case. However, the total claims for deductions made by the Members involved in sharing a property cannot exceed the deductible outgoings incurred in relation to the property had only one Member owned and used it.

Disposal of a property of the kind referred to at paragraphs 328 to 335 may have CGT consequences. However, any gain made on disposal would not form part of a Member's ordinary income under section 6-5 unless the transaction giving rise to the gain formed part of a business carried on by the Member for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. Each case would need to be considered on its own facts.

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

[Omitted.]

A deduction is allowable for wages paid by a Member for services rendered to assist the Member to carry out his or her work-related activities, provided the expenditure is not private or domestic in nature.

Members are not common law employees working in an environment where the manner in which they carry out their work-related activities is subject to employer control (see paragraph 38). Although we do not consider that a Member's work-related activities amount to the carrying on of a business, in common with commission only real estate salespersons, they perform their work-related activities under significantly different circumstances to most employees, with considerable flexibility in how they perform their duties (see paragraph 210 of Taxation Ruling TR 98/6).

Subsection 26-35(1) applies to deductions claimed for payments made, or for a liability incurred, to a 'related entity'. A 'related entity' includes a relative and a partnership in which a Member's relative is a partner. Deductions are limited to so much of the amount as the Commissioner considers reasonable (section 26-35). In forming a view as to an amount that is considered reasonable, the Commissioner has regard to the amount the Member would have been expected to pay to an unrelated person with similar skills and experience for provision of the same services.

Example: A Member employs her spouse as a research assistant to complete research on issues that are expected to be debated in a coming Parliamentary session. The Member's spouse has nine years commercial experience as a research assistant. The costs are not reimbursed, as the Member is currently employing the maximum number of staff she is entitled to employ at government expense.

A deduction is allowable for the amount paid to her spouse if the rate of the payment made was commensurate with commercial rates for the type of work performed. If the amount paid exceeded the amount payable under a commercial arrangement, a deduction may not be allowable for the amount of the excess.

A deduction is not allowable for a loss or outgoing incurred in purchasing, repairing or maintaining a watch as the expense is of a private or domestic nature.

In Case S82 85 ATC 608; 28 CTBR (NS) Case 87, a nursing sister was denied a deduction for the cost of a watch that was used in the course of her employment. The Board of Review's decision was that the watch was (ATC 612; CTBR 682): '...an item of a private nature ... [and] ... [t]he use of a watch ... is important to most people in the community whether it be used ... to ensure not commencing work too early or finishing too late; or to log overtime ...'.

During consultation on this Ruling, alternative views were expressed as follows:

The view was expressed that there may be circumstances where a Member is entitled to claim a deduction for expenditure on clothing (and associated laundry and maintenance) on the basis of the decision in FC of T v. Edwards 94 ATC 4255; (1994) 28 ATR 87. The view of the Commissioner is that it is unlikely that a Member would qualify for a deduction on that basis. See paragraphs 121 to 125.

The view was expressed that a deduction should be allowed to the extent that the expenses relate to electorate duties. The view of the Commissioner is at paragraphs 182 to 184.

The view was expressed that the nature of a Member's work-related activities are such that his or her home is akin to a base of operations or a place of business. That is, a deduction should be allowable for occupancy expenses of the kind referred to at paragraph 198 (a) because a Member's home is commonly used for the purpose of receiving and dealing with work-related correspondence, telephone calls and facsimiles, meeting constituents and party members. Further, a Member does not have a home office as a matter of convenience, but of necessity in dealing with the demands of Parliament, political parties, the electorate and the media. The Commissioner acknowledges that Members will be required to undertake some work-related activities at home, but is of the view that for most Members such activities would not entitle them to a deduction for occupancy expenses. That is, a Member's home does not generally constitute a base of operations or a place of business. See also paragraphs 35, 95 to 112 and 356.

The view was expressed that the nature of a Member's work-related activities is such that, where they are required to sit beyond normal working day hours, their ability to partake of a normal meal is severely restricted. It was pointed out that there is a disparity between those Members who are travelling away from home overnight (and are therefore entitled to claim a deduction for meals) and those Members who are merely unable to go home for their normal meals due to the demands of Parliament. It was suggested that Members in the latter category could be given, as a minimum, a threshold amount as a deduction in recognition of their particular circumstances. The Commissioner's view is that in the circumstances described, a deduction is not allowable for the cost of meals. See also paragraphs 222 to 227.

The view was expressed that the nature of a Member's work-related activities amounts to the carrying on of a business by virtue of the Member being engaged in a political vocation. It was pointed out that the demands of the role undertaken by Members sets them apart from other members of the community in terms of the level of commitment to their duties and the hours that are devoted to those duties. It was also suggested that the nature of a Member's income-producing activities is not readily comparable with a general employment arrangement and therefore separate tests need to be applied to determine if the expenses have been incurred in producing assessable income. The Commissioner's view is that factors of this kind are not relevant considerations in the determination of whether a business is being carried on. See also paragraph 35 and paragraphs 95 to 112.

Below is a detailed contents list for all parts of this Ruling, except the Explanations part) (an Index of Explanations follows at paragraph 358): Paragraph What this Ruling is about 1 Class of person/arrangement 1 Cross reference table of provisions 5 Previous Rulings 6 Ruling 8 Allowances 8 Assessability of allowances 11 Reimbursements 13 Donations and gifts 19 Frequent flyer programs 21 Life gold passes and severance passes 22 General deductions 24 Apportionment 25 Loss or outgoings actually incurred 26 Does paragraph 8-1(1)(b) apply to losses or outgoings incurred by a Member 27 Recoupment of deductible expenses 28 Work related expense claims 29 Date of effect and application 30 Explanations 35 Role of a Member 35 Allowances 42 Substantiation rules 46 Work expenses 48 Car expenses 49 Exception to the substantiation rules - 'work expenses' 51 Relief from substantiation rules 56 Withholding variation applicable to travel allowances 57 Claims for deduction 58 Reimbursements 65 Donations and gifts 71 Frequent flyer programs 82 Life gold passes and severance passes 84 General deductions 89 Losses or outgoings actually incurred 90 Deductibility tests 91 Apportionment 94 Does paragraph 8-1(1)(b) apply to losses or outgoings incurred by a Member? 95 Ministers 110 Recoupment of deductible expenses 113 Work related expense claims 115 (for an alphabetical listing, see below at paragraph 358 - Index of explanations) Alternative views 351 Detailed contents list 357 Index of explanations 358

The following alphabetical index refers to the paragraph references for Work related expense claims in the Explanations part of this Ruling. Paragraph Accompanying relatives' travel expenses 326 Additional property purchased or rented by a Member as accommodation for work-related travel 328 Attendance on behalf of Member 192 Automobile Association/Club membership fees 241 Briefcases, calculators and electronic organisers 116 Calculation of motor vehicle depreciation balancing adjustment 243 Car provided by 'employer' 246 Car wash expenses 244 Child Care 118 Clothing 121 Club membership fees 126 Community group membership fees 127 Computers and software 130 Conferences, seminars and training courses 134 Cost of calls 296 Depreciation cost limit for motor vehicles 245 Depreciation of equipment 141 Donations, gifts and contributions 153 Driver's licence 156 Election expenses 158 Entertainment expenses 174 Expenses incurred in the transitional period before a Member takes his or her seat 182 Functions and presentations 185 Grooming 194 Home office expenses 197 Installation or connection costs 299 Insurance of equipment 206 Interest on loan to purchase equipment 208 Internet access 210 Laundry and maintenance 124 Legal expenses 212 Limit on deductibility 289 Meals 222 Motor vehicle and other transport expenses 228 Newspapers 249 Parking fees and tolls 248 Party membership fees, levies and donations 257 Patron expenses 260 Professional library 262 Raffle ticket expenses 267 Raffle prizes 274 Related entity 346 Relocation expenses 275 Rental costs 301 Repairs to equipment 280 Security costs 282 Self education expenses 285 Technical or professional publications 292 Telephones, answering machines, pagers, beepers and other telecommunications equipment expenses 296 Trade, business or professional association fees 304 Travel expenses 307 Travel expenses covered by a travel allowance 313 Travel expenses not covered by a travel allowance 321 Travel expenses covered by an annual entitlement 323 Travel between home and a normal place of work 231 Travel between two separate work places 236 Travel from home to an alternative work place and then to a normal work place, or directly home 239 Travel from the normal work place to an alternative work place and back to a normal work place, or directly home 237 Unlisted telephone number 303 Wages 344 Watches 349 Work-related expense claims 115