Income tax: are the capital support payments described in this Determination deductible under section 8-1, section 40-880, subsection 230-15(2) or subsection 230-15(3) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ?

No. Such payments are capital in nature for the purposes of paragraph 8-1(2)(a) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. [1]

Such payments are not a loss from a financial arrangement and accordingly are not deductible under subsections 230-15(2) or 230-15(3).

Such payments are included in the cost base and reduced cost base of the parent's investment in the subsidiary and are therefore not deductible under section 40-880.

This Determination concerns the deductibility of a payment made by a parent entity ('parent') under an arrangement which has all of the following features: (a) The parent agrees to provide its subsidiary with one or more of the following: (i) a lease, license or other right to use one or more assets (which is not a cash settlable right) (ii) a legal or equitable interest (other than a cash settlable right) in one or more such assets, or (iii) services. (b) The subsidiary agrees to provide consideration to the parent for the things referred to in paragraph (a). (c) The parent also agrees to make a payment to the subsidiary which, objectively: (i) is made because all or a part of the subsidiary: (A) has made a loss or losses (B) is not, in the opinion of the parent or as agreed between the parent entity and one or more other parties (such as the subsidiary and/or a third party) sufficiently profitable (such as may be the case if the profit of the subsidiary is less than an agreed benchmark), or (C) would or is likely to have made a loss or losses, or not have been sufficiently profitable in the sense used above, were it not for that payment, and (ii) does not have the character of: (A) a price for assets or services supplied by the subsidiary to the parent (B) a genuine adjustment to the price of assets or services supplied by the parent to the subsidiary or by the subsidiary to the parent or (C) a loan to the subsidiary or the repayment of such a loan. (d) The parent's obligation to provide the things referred to in paragraph (a) is not insignificant compared with the rights and obligations referred to in paragraphs (b) and (c).

In determining whether a payment is made because of losses or insufficient profits or has the character of a price or an adjustment to a price for the purposes of paragraph 4(c) of this Determination, regard must be had to all of the surrounding circumstances, including: • the terms of the agreement between the parties, and • the extent of the connection (if any) between the payment and the quantity or quality of the assets or services supplied (if any).

In determining whether a payment has the character of a price or adjustment to a price for an asset or service, it is relevant to consider how the payment is calculated. It may be inferred that a payment does not have the character of a price or price adjustment where: • it is calculated as an amount which is equal to (or equal to a part of) a loss or shortfall in profit; and • that amount reflects factors other than the supply of the asset or service.

For the purposes of paragraph 4(c)(ii)(B) of this Determination, a genuine price adjustment includes a payment which is required in order to ensure that an asset or service is supplied on arm's length conditions or for arm's length consideration. However: • It must be possible to identify the particular asset or service, or group of assets or services which requires re-pricing. • A payment cannot have the character of a reduction in the price of something where no price is payable. • A payment cannot have the character of a reduction in the price of something to the extent that it exceeds that price.

For the purposes of this Determination, a payment made as part of an arrangement described in paragraph 4 of this Determination is a capital support payment to the extent that it satisfies paragraph 4(c).

For the purposes of paragraph 4(a) of this Determination, the term cash settlable has the meaning in subsection 230-45(2).

For the purposes of paragraph 4(c) and paragraph 8 of this Determination, the word payment refers to any transaction which amounts to a payment at law.

For the purposes of paragraph 4(c)(ii) of this Determination: • the word service refers to the doing of work or other beneficial acts for another entity for which an independent, arm's length party would ordinarily expect to receive payment, and • a subsidiary does not supply a service to its parent merely by conducting a business on its own account and for its own benefit.

For the purposes of paragraph 7 of this Determination: • arm's length conditions has the meaning given by section 815-125, and • arm's length consideration has the meaning in Division 13 of Part III of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 ('ITAA 1936').

For the purposes of this Determination, a subsidiary of an entity (which in this Determination is called a parent) is an entity: • in which the parent holds one or more membership interests [2] or an economic interest via membership interests in one or more interposed entities, and • that would be a 'subsidiary' of that parent entity for the purposes of section 46 of the Corporations Act 2001 if it is assumed that both entities are bodies corporate for the purposes of that Act.

For the purposes of applying the test in paragraph 13 of this Determination to an entity other than a body corporate: • references to control of the composition of the board are taken to be references to the ability to control decision-making in relation to the entity, and • references to issued share capital are taken to be references to the membership interests in the entity.

An entity is not a subsidiary of a parent for the purposes of this Determination where both entities are part of the same consolidated group or MEC group.

For the purposes of this Determination, an investment by a parent in a subsidiary includes both a direct investment via membership interests held in the subsidiary as well as an indirect investment held via membership interests in one or more entities interposed between the parent and the subsidiary.

Parent Co is a resident company which establishes Sub Co, a wholly-owned subsidiary. Sub Co is established in order to commence a business in a foreign jurisdiction. Parent Co enters into a contract with Sub Co. Under this contract: • Parent Co grants Sub Co a licence to use Parent Co's trademarks and business systems. • Parent Co undertakes to provide Sub Co with a 'business support service', whereby it will implement and manage Sub Co's business strategy. • Sub Co undertakes to pay Parent Co a 'licence and service fee' in each financial year in which Sub Co makes a profit. • Parent Co undertakes to make a payment described as a 'market support payment' to Sub Co in each financial year in which Sub Co makes a loss, equal to the amount of that loss. • The parties acknowledge that the level of the licence and service fee has been calculated taking into account Parent Co's commitment to make the market support payment. • The market support payment is expressed to be consideration for Sub Co assuming the risk associated with the use of Parent Co's trademarks, business systems and business support service in the new market.

Due to adverse trading conditions in its market, Sub Co makes a loss of $1 million in its first year of operation. Parent Co pays Sub Co a $1 million market support payment.

The payment is a capital support payment. While it may satisfy the positive limb in subsection 8-1(1), it is not deductible because it is of a capital nature for the purposes of paragraph 8-1(2)(a). Viewed objectively, the advantage sought by the payment is the enhancement or preservation of the capital value of Parent Co's investment in Sub Co.

Viewed objectively, the payment is made because Sub Co made a loss, rather than because Sub Co supplied Parent Co with an asset or service. The assumption of risk by Sub Co is an action taken by Sub Co in the course of conducting its own business, rather than a service provided to Parent Co. Furthermore, the payment could not be a genuine adjustment to the licence and service fee, since no such fee has become payable by Sub Co. The payment is not a price adjustment merely because Parent Co's potential obligation to make the payment was taken into account in setting the prices of the things supplied by Parent Co.

The payment is not deductible under Division 230 because the arrangement is not a financial arrangement. The payment is not deductible under section 40-880 but is included in the cost bases and reduced cost bases of Parent Co's shares in Sub Co.

Following on from Example 1, assume further that: • Sub Co has been operating profitably for a number of years • Sub Co has paid a 'licence and service fee' to Parent Co in each financial year in which Sub Co has made a profit, then • due to adverse trading conditions in its market, Sub Co makes a loss of $1 million in the current year, and • Parent Co makes a payment of $1 million to Sub Co in accordance with the terms of the contract.

The reasoning in Example 1 also applies in this example. While Parent Co's payment may satisfy the positive limb in subsection 8-1(1), it is not deductible because it is of a capital nature for the purposes of paragraph 8-1(2)(a). Viewed objectively, the advantage sought by the payment is the enhancement or preservation of the capital value of Parent Co's investment in Sub Co.

Viewed objectively, the payment is made because Sub Co made a loss in the current year, rather than because Sub Co provided Parent Co with an asset or service. The payment does not reduce the prices of anything provided to Sub Co in the current year, when no price is payable, or in past years, when Sub Co was sufficiently profitable.

The payment is not deductible under Division 230 because the contract is not a financial arrangement. The payment is not deductible under section 40-880 but is included in the cost bases and reduced cost bases of the shares in Sub Co.

Parent Co, a resident company, is a manufacturer, distributor and retailer of products. It establishes a subsidiary, Sub Co, in a foreign jurisdiction to distribute and retail its products utilising marketing concepts and strategies developed by Parent Co.

Under a Service and Licence Agreement: • Parent Co grants to Sub Co the exclusive right to use Parent Co's trademarks, marketing strategies and know-how in the jurisdiction, for which Sub Co will pay a licence fee in each year Sub Co achieves an agreed profit. • Parent Co also agrees to pay a 'Service fee' to Sub Co. The 'Service Fee' is expressed to be consideration for the provision of advertising and promotional services. • The 'Service Fee' comprises two amounts: - Amount A - which is equal to so much of Sub Co's expenditure on advertising and promotion as exceeds the amount an independent distributor would have incurred in comparable circumstances, plus an appropriate profit margin, and - Amount B - which is such an amount as is necessary to ensure Sub Co achieves a specified level of profit.

Sub Co has incurred significant losses due to adverse trading conditions and the expenditure incurred on the marketing strategies it adopted following Parent Co's strategy. Parent Co pays Sub Co a 'Service Fee' comprising both Amount A and Amount B.

Amount A is not a capital support payment and is deductible under section 8-1. Objectively, it has the character of a price for advertising and promotional services provided by Sub Co.

Amount B is a capital support payment. Viewed objectively, it is only paid because Sub Co made a loss. The payment bears no necessary connection to the quality or quantity of services provided by Sub Co to Parent Co.

While Amount B may satisfy the positive limb in subsection 8-1(1), it is not deductible because it is of a capital nature for the purposes of paragraph 8-1(2)(a). Viewed objectively, the advantage sought by the payment is the enhancement or preservation of the capital value of Parent Co's investment in Sub Co.

Amount B is not deductible under Division 230 because the arrangement is not a financial arrangement. It is not deductible under section 40-880 but is included in the cost bases and reduced cost bases of Parent Co's shares in Sub Co.

Head Co is a resident company which establishes Distributor Co, a wholly-owned subsidiary. Distributor Co is established in order to commence a business in a foreign jurisdiction. Head Co and Distributor Co have entered into an agreement. Under the agreement: • Distributor Co will be the sole distributor in its market for goods manufactured by Head Co. • Distributor Co will purchase goods from Head Co and distribute and market them in its market. • Head Co grants Distributor Co a licence to use Head Co's trademarks and other intellectual property for the purposes of distributing Head Co's goods. • In return, Distributor Co undertakes to support and promote Head Co's trademarks and products in the foreign jurisdiction. • All risks associated with the goods manufactured by Head Co such as stock obsolescence, warranty risks and recalls are assumed by Head Co. Distributor Co provides routine distribution services to Head Co that do not involve the use of any high value or unique intangibles owned by Distributor Co. The terms of the agreement indicate that Distributor Co is a limited risk distributor. • The price for the goods imported by Distributor Co from Head Co and the sale price of the goods to purchasers is based on certain assumptions which are designed to allow Distributor Co to achieve an arm's length return. • The transactional net margin method [3] has been identified as the most appropriate methodology to test transfer prices for the arrangement in place. • Based on a comparability analysis the parties agree that an adjustment will be made at year end such that Distributor Co will achieve an agreed EBIT/Sales ratio for the goods imported and distributed by Distributor Co.

During the first year, Distributor Co does not earn the margin it expected on the sale of goods acquired from Head Co and a $1m loss has been recorded by Distributor Co. It is determined that a $1.5m adjustment is required to the prices of goods purchased by Distributor Co to achieve the required EBIT/Sales ratio. A payment of $1.5m is made by Head Co to Distributor Co.

This payment is deductible under section 8-1. It is not a capital support payment for the purposes of this Determination. Viewed objectively the payment has the character of an adjustment to the prices of the goods supplied by Head Co to Distributor Co.

Continuing on from Example 4, Head Co and Distributor Co agree to implement a market penetration strategy [4] in order to lift their share of the market. Under the agreement: • Distributor Co will undertake sales and marketing activities in excess of what an independent low risk distributor would undertake. • Head Co will own all marketing intangibles that may arise from the additional sales and marketing activities. • It is recognised that Distributor Co as a limited risk distributor is entitled to a return for the services it is providing in respect of the market penetration strategy as well as for its business as usual. As a result of a comparability analysis an operating profit of 10% of the operating expenses of Distributor Co is determined to be the arm's length profit appropriate for the circumstances.

In the first year of the market penetration strategy Distributor Co makes an operating loss of $1m with operating expenses of $5m. A payment of $1.5m is made by Head Co to Distributor Co, representing the financial impact on Distributor Co of increased sales and marketing expenses as well as reductions in the sale prices of goods sold by Distributor Co. As a result of this payment Distributor Co makes an operating profit of $0.5m for the financial year.

This payment is not a capital support payment. Objectively the payment represents an adjustment to the price of the goods supplied by Head Co to Distributor Co together with the price of the services provided by Distributor Co to Head Co. The payment is deductible under section 8-1.

This Determination applies to years of income commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, this Determination will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of this Determination (see paragraphs 75 and 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10).

The term capital support payment is defined in paragraphs 4(c) and 8 of this Determination. Where a payment does not wholly satisfy paragraph 4(c), it is a capital support payment to the extent to which it does satisfy that paragraph (see paragraphs 81-82 of this Determination).

In determining whether a payment by a parent to a subsidiary is a capital support payment it is necessary to consider whether the payment is, objectively, made because of the losses or insufficient profits of the subsidiary.

Such payments may be designed to provide financial assistance to a subsidiary in a start-up period or in times of adverse business conditions or financial stress. Financial support may be required where a subsidiary experiences difficulties entering a new market, as a result of market downturns or for other reasons.

A capital support payment is a payment which is made because of the losses or insufficient profits of a subsidiary entity and which does not have the character of a price or price adjustment. In determining whether a payment has these features regard must be had to all of the surrounding circumstances, including: • the terms of the agreement between the parties, and • the extent of the connection (if any) between the payment and the quantity or quality of the assets or services supplied (if any).

For the purposes of paragraphs 4(c) and 8 of this Determination, the word 'payment' refers to any transaction which amounts to a payment at law. This includes a legally effective set-off of mutually owing obligations. [5] It does not include a mere book entry which has no effect on the legal rights or obligations of the parties. [6]

By definition, a capital support payment is to be distinguished from a payment which has the character of a price for an asset or service. Payments in the latter category do not arise as a result of losses or profits but are earned by, or are a 'quid pro quo' for, the supply of the assets or services in question. [7] They are a function of, and reflect, the quality and quantity of the things supplied.

In contrast, capital support payments have the objective purpose and effect of enabling the parent to underwrite the activities of the subsidiary, and, in so doing, to protect the value of its investment and to secure it as a future source of income.

Capital support payments may be described as a means of mitigating the risk a subsidiary is exposed to where it is compelled, requested or otherwise decides to operate, or operate in a particular way, in a new or existing market. The subsidiary may be exposed to risk as a result of its use of the intellectual property, systems, business strategies and know-how of its parent. However, it does not follow that such payments represent the price of a 'service' provided by the subsidiary.

In this Determination the word 'service' is used to refer to the doing of work or other beneficial acts for another entity [8] , for which an independent, arm's length party would ordinarily expect to receive payment [9] . For these purposes, the doing of an act for someone is to be contrasted with the doing of an act which has the incidental effect of benefiting someone.

Accordingly, the mere conduct of a business by a subsidiary on its own account and for its own benefit does not constitute the provision of a service. [10] While the conduct of the subsidiary's business and its exposure to risk may provide advantages to the parent, those advantages accrue through the parent's investment in the subsidiary rather than through the enjoyment of a service.

In contrast, a subsidiary may perform a service for its parent by engaging in activities for the benefit of its parent which it would not otherwise be expected to undertake. It might, for instance, undertake additional marketing or advertising activities, or implement a genuine market penetration strategy [11] for the benefit of its parent.

A payment cannot be characterised as the price of an asset or service where the occasion for it is found in the parent's pre-existing obligation to make good an entity's losses or insufficient profits. Such a payment reflects the overall economic performance of the subsidiary rather than the character of what (if anything) is being supplied to the parent. In determining whether a payment has the character of a price for an asset or service, it is relevant to consider how the payment is calculated. It may be inferred that a payment does not have the character of a price where: • it is calculated as an amount which is equal to (or equal to a part of) a loss or shortfall in profit, and • that amount reflects factors other than the supply of the asset or service.

In characterising a payment it is necessary to have regard to the terms of the agreement between the parties. However, the labels used by the parties are not determinative of the character of the payment. [12] The parties cannot, by mere labelling or description, turn a payment into the price of an asset or service when it does not truly have that character. [13] The effect of the arrangement must be determined by a proper reading of the contract taken as a whole, rather than by reference to particular labels or descriptions adopted by the parties.

A distinction is also to be drawn between a capital support payment and a payment which has the character of an adjustment to the price of an asset or service supplied to the subsidiary or parent.

In determining whether a payment has the character of an adjustment to a price, it is necessary to have regard to the terms of the agreement between the parties. Again, however, the parties cannot, by mere labelling or description, turn a payment into a price adjustment when it does not truly have that character; see paragraph 52 of this Determination.

In characterising a payment it is necessary to consider the extent of the connection, if any, between the payment and the quantity or quality of the assets or services being supplied. A payment cannot be characterised as an adjustment to the price of assets or services unless it is possible to identify how the payment affects their pricing. In determining whether a payment represents a price adjustment it is relevant to consider how the payment is calculated; see paragraphs 6 and 7 of this Determination.

A payment cannot be characterised as a price adjustment unless it is possible to identify assets or services which have a price and which are being re-priced. Further, a payment cannot be a genuine reduction to a price where no price is payable or where the payment purports to reduce the price by an amount that exceeds the amount of that price.

Payments which have the character of an adjustment to the price of an asset or service include payments which are required in order to achieve arm's length conditions between parent and subsidiary for the purposes of Division 815 or arm's length consideration for the purposes of Division 13 of the ITAA 1936. Such payments are made in order to ensure that the prices which are payable for assets and services reflect the conditions which might be expected to operate between independent entities dealing wholly independently with one another in comparable circumstances. [14]

For example, an Australian parent with an overseas subsidiary may have a documented transfer pricing agreement under which a profit-based method is used to test the pricing of goods and services they exchange. This agreement may outline the methodologies to be employed in order to set or review those prices, and provide for 'true up' payments to be made at pre-determined periods in response to those regular reviews. Subject to a full analysis of the arrangement, having regard to the requirements of Division 815, or Division 13 of Part III of the ITAA 1936, payments by the parent to the subsidiary in these circumstances are not capital support payments for the purposes of this Determination.

Conversely, it may be inferred that a payment is not a price adjustment where it is not one which would be made if it were assumed that the parent and subsidiary were independent parties dealing wholly independently with one another in comparable circumstances. In such cases the character of the payment may be derived from the investment relationship between the parties rather than the character of what (if anything) is being exchanged between them.

For the purposes of this Determination, capital support payments are limited to payments made by a parent to its subsidiary.

This Determination identifies parent-subsidiary relationships by reference to the concept of 'membership interest' in sections 960-130 and 960-135 as well as the Corporations Act 2001.

Section 46 of the Corporations Act 2001 provides: A body corporate (in this section called the first body) is a subsidiary of another body corporate if, and only if: (a) the other body: (i) controls the composition of the first body's board; or (ii) is in a position to cast, or control the casting of, more than one-half of the maximum number of votes that might be cast at a general meeting of the first body, or (iii) holds more than one-half of the issued share capital of the first body (excluding any part of that issued share capital that carries no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital), or (b) the first body is a subsidiary of a subsidiary of the other body.

For the purposes of applying this test to an entity other than a body corporate, it is to be assumed that the entity is a body corporate. For this purpose, references to control of the board are taken to be references to the ability to control decision-making in relation to the entity. References to share capital are taken to be references to interests which would be membership interests in the entity for the purposes of sections 960-130 and 960-135.

Section 8-1 relevantly provides: 8-1(1) You can deduct from your assessable income any loss or outgoing to the extent that: (a) it is incurred in gaining or producing your assessable income; or (b) it is necessarily incurred in carrying on a *business for the purpose of gaining or producing your assessable income. 8-1(2) However, you cannot deduct a loss or outgoing under this section to the extent that: (a) it is a loss or outgoing of capital, or of a capital nature;

In Sun Newspapers Ltd and Associated Newspapers Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation [15] (Sun Newspapers), the taxpayer was denied a deduction for an amount paid to prevent a rival publisher from producing a newspaper in the area for a period of three years. The expenditure was held to be capital in nature. In coming to his decision Dixon J made a distinction between capital expenditure, being the amount used for establishing, replacing and enlarging the business entity, structure or the profit yielding subject, and revenue expenditure being the working expenses incurred in carrying on a business.

Dixon J stated in Sun Newspapers that: The distinction between expenditure and outgoings on revenue account and on capital account corresponds with the distinction between the business entity, structure, or organization set up or established for the earning of profit and the process by which such an organization operates to obtain regular returns by means of regular outlay, the difference between the outlay and returns representing profit or loss. [16]

Dixon J outlined a number of factors which may assist in making the revenue/capital distinction: There are, I think, three matters to be considered, (a) the character of the advantage sought, and in this its lasting qualities may play a part, (b) the manner in which it is to be used, relied upon or enjoyed, and in this and under the former head recurrence may play its part, and (c) the means adopted to obtain it; that is, by providing a periodical reward or outlay to cover its use or enjoyment for periods commensurate with the payment or by making a final provision or payment so as to secure future use or enjoyment. [17]

The character of the advantage sought will generally provide the most useful guidance in determining the character of a loss or outgoin g: Federal Commissioner of Taxation v. Email Ltd [18] (Email).

Where a payment is made in order to discharge a pre-existing obligation, the advantage sought is characterised by reference to the obligation rather than the payment. In Email the Full Federal Court considered the character of payments made pursuant to an indemnity which was connected to the sale of shares in a related company. The Court noted: ... it is common ground that it is the character of the advantage which the indemnity was calculated to effect, not directly the character of the payments themselves which must fall for consideration. [19]

The advantage sought by a capital support payment is the preservation or enhancement of the capital value of a parent's investment in a subsidiary.

A capital support payment is, or has substantially the effect of, a non-scrip capital contribution to the subsidiary. [20] It preserves or increases the value of the parent's investment in the subsidiary, even though the subsidiary does not issue additional membership interests.

The character of this advantage is structural and enduring. Capital support payments are used to establish or maintain the business entity, structure or organisation through which profits are generated. They are made for the benefit of the income producing unit within which production is carried on, rather than for the production of the income itself.

The character of the advantage obtained by a capital support payment arrangement reflects the terms upon which such payments are required. A capital support payment is required when a subsidiary suffers losses or makes insufficient profits; rather than when, for instance, the subsidiary supplies an asset or service to its parent. Payments that are calculated with reference to the losses or profits of a subsidiary are objectively to be regarded as having the purpose of maintaining the subsidiary's capital structure. In terms of Dixon J's analysis in Sun Newspapers, such payments cannot therefore be regarded as part of the process by which such an organisation operates to obtain regular returns by means of regular outlays.

For the reasons explained in paragraph 52 of this Determination, a payment which is calculated by reference to the losses or profits of another entity cannot be considered an outgoing on revenue account merely by reference to the description of the payment in a contract. Furthermore, the distinction between revenue and capital expenditure 'depends on what the expenditure is calculated to effect from a practical and business point of view, rather than upon the juristic classification of the legal rights'. [21] From a practical and business point of view, the purpose and effect of a capital support payment from the parent entity's perspective is to preserve or increase the capital value of its investment in a subsidiary.

Bell & Moir Corporation Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation [22] (Bell & Moir) illustrates that the character of the advantage sought by payments - what they were calculated to effect from a practical and business point of view - is to be determined from the payer's perspective. There Hely J considered a situation where a shareholder in a company provided a guarantee to a bank on an overdraft for the company. The taxpayer was required to make a payment to the bank under the guarantee agreement. The payment under the guarantee was the subject of the claim for deduction. Hely J found the payment under the guarantee to be capital in nature because: It is the character of the advantage sought by the taxpayer for itself by making the outgoing for which deduction is sought which is the chief factor in determining whether the outgoing is on revenue or capital account. [23]

Hely J went on to say: The nature of the benefit or advantage sought was the propping up of BMM so that the applicant could continue to trade with it. That is the type of enduring benefit which will ordinarily result in the cost of acquiring it as being characterised as capital in nature. [24]

Hely J further observed that: ...insofar as the guarantee is undertaken to secure a source of income the payments required to be made under the guarantee are associated with the acquisition of a position from which to earn income rather than with the day to day revenue costs of deriving income. [25]

Similarly, the objective purpose of a capital support payment arrangement is to secure the subsidiary as a source of future income, whether in the form of fees, royalties, dividends or other amounts. Such payments relate to the creation or maintenance of a profit yielding asset as opposed to the process of operating it, and accordingly those payments have the character of capital from the parent entity's perspective.

This is the case, whether or not the obligation to make the capital support payment is directly connected to the parent's right to receive the consideration referred to in paragraph 4(b) of this Determination. In either case, the payment is, in substance, a capital outgoing designed to secure the subsidiary as a potential source of income in future years. [26]

Although capital support payments may secure a future source of income, their character differs fundamentally from the payments made to secure exclusive trading rights considered in BP Australia Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation [27] and National Australia Bank Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation. [28] The payments considered in those cases were not calculated by reference to the losses or profits of, or to otherwise 'prop up', a subsidiary entity.

A payment is only a capital support payment to the extent that it satisfies paragraph 4(c) of this Determination. Conversely, a payment may be of a revenue nature to the extent to which it does not satisfy paragraph 4(c) of this Determination. Whether this is the case depends on the character of the payment.

Where a payment is partly of a capital nature and partly of a revenue nature, it is necessary to perform an apportionment in order to determine the extent to which it is deductible under subsection 8-1(1). [29] For this purpose, the Commissioner will accept any method which provides a fair and reasonable reflection of the extent to which the objective purpose or effect of the payment is to preserve or increase the capital value of the parent's investment in the subsidiary.

Subsection 230-15(2) provides deduction for a loss an entity makes from a financial arrangement, to the extent that the loss is made in gaining or producing its assessable income or is necessarily incurred in carrying on a business for the purposes of gaining or producing such income.

Subsection 230-15(3) provides a deduction for losses from a financial arrangement which are made in deriving certain income from a foreign source.

Neither subsection 230-15(2) nor subsection 230-15(3) apply to a capital support payment, since such a payment is not a loss from a 'financial arrangement'.

Subsection 230-45(1) provides: You have a financial arrangement if you have, under an *arrangement: (a) a *cash settlable legal or equitable right to receive a *financial benefit; or (b) a cash settlable legal or equitable obligation to provide a financial benefit; or (c) a combination of one or more such rights and/or one or more such obligations; unless: (d) you also have under the arrangement one or more legal or equitable rights to receive something and/or one or more legal or equitable obligations to provide something; and (e) for one or more of the rights and/or obligations covered by paragraph (d): (i) the thing that you have the right to receive, or the obligation to provide, is not a financial benefit; or (ii) the right or obligation is not cash settlable; and (f) the one or more rights and/or obligations covered by paragraph (e) are not insignificant in comparison with the right, obligation or combination covered by paragraph (a), (b) or (c). The right, obligation or combination covered by paragraph (a), (b) or (c) constitutes the financial arrangement.

Under the arrangement described in paragraph 4 of this Determination the subsidiary has a right which is not cash settlable and that right is significant. Accordingly, the parent's obligation to make payments and right to receive consideration is not, and is not part of, a 'financial arrangement' for the purposes of section 230-45.

For these purposes, a cash settlable right is, broadly, a right to receive or which is likely to be settled in, money or its equivalent; see subsection 230-45(2).

A financial arrangement may exist in circumstances where the parent does not provide the subsidiary with a significant non-cash settlable right. A loss under such an arrangement is deductible to the extent that it otherwise satisfies the requirements in section 230-15. However, in a cross-border context it would be necessary to consider whether such an arrangement gives rise to a transfer pricing benefit for the purposes of section 815-120 or involves consideration other than arm's length consideration for the purposes of Division 13 of the ITAA 1936.

Subsection 40-880(2) provides deduction, in equal proportions over 5 income years, for capital expenditure an entity incurs: • in relation to its business • in relation to a business that used to be carried on • in relation to a business proposed to be carried on • to liquidate, deregister or wind up certain entities.

However, an amount cannot be deducted under subsection 40-880(2) to the extent that the expenditure could be taken into account in working out the amount of a capital gain or capital loss from a CGT event (paragraph 40-880(5)(f)).

The cost base and reduced cost base of a CGT asset have five elements and are defined in sections 110-25 and 110-55 respectively.

The fourth element of cost base and reduced cost base comprises capital expenditure incurred for the purpose or the expected effect of increasing or preserving the value of the CGT asset (subsections 110-25(5) and 110-55(2)). The objective purpose and effect of a capital support payment is to increase or preserve the value of a parent's investment in a subsidiary. A capital support payment is therefore considered to be included in the fourth element of the cost base and reduced cost base of a parent's direct or indirect investment in the subsidiary.

To the extent that the parent holds its investment directly by owning membership interests in the subsidiary, the payment is included in the cost bases and reduced cost bases of those interests. To the extent that the parent holds its investment indirectly through interposed entities, the payment is included in the cost bases and reduced cost bases of the parent's interests in those entities.