Uncommercial use of certain trusts

The taxpayer arranges for a trust to be established. The trustee of the trust is effectively controlled by the taxpayer and/or the taxpayer's associates. Typically, those associates are members of the taxpayer's family, some or all of whom bear a rate of tax which is lower than that of the taxpayer. 2. The taxpayer and his or her associates are beneficiaries of the trust or may become beneficiaries at a future date. The trust deed confers, or can confer in the future, interests or entitlements upon the taxpayer's associates for less-than-market-value consideration. It may achieve this in one of two ways. 3. First, the deed may provide the taxpayer with an entitlement to income or capital which appears fixed, but which can be defeated by the trustee exercising a discretion to distribute income and/or capital gains to the other beneficiaries. For that reason, the trust may be described as a 'hybrid trust' or 'hybrid discretionary trust'. 4. Alternatively, the trust deed may provide for, or enable, the issue of units or other interests to the taxpayer's associates for no consideration, or for consideration which falls short of the market value of such interests at the time of issue. 5. A taxpayer borrows money, at interest, from a financial institution. They use the borrowed funds to subscribe for an interest, such as units, in the trust. Other funds may also be subscribed to the trust, which have not been borrowed. 6. The trustee uses the funds subscribed by the taxpayer to purchase income producing assets (e.g. rental property). The assets may be used as security for the taxpayer's borrowings, even though the borrowings are in the taxpayer's own name. 7. The trustee earns income from the assets (e.g. rent) and pays associated expenses. 8. The taxpayer includes his or her share of the trust's net income, if any, in his or her assessable income. 9. Beneficiaries other than the taxpayer may, or may not, be entitled to trust income derived over the life of the investment. Where they are, the taxpayer's proportionate share of that income may be smaller than the proportion of the trust's capital which they funded using the borrowed money. In effect, this means that a proportion of the borrowed money is used to fund the production of income for other beneficiaries. 10. In the early years of the arrangement, the taxpayer's investment is negatively geared, since interest and other costs associated with the borrowing exceed the taxpayer's share of the trust's net income, if any. The taxpayer purports to deduct this excess from their other assessable income. 11. Having regard to the circumstances, it may be expected that the taxpayer's interest in the trust will be brought to an end before their costs of investment have been recouped. This may occur, either by: (a) the trustee exercising a discretion which effectively defeats the taxpayer's right to a share of the income of the trust; and/or (b) the issue of further interests in the trust to other beneficiaries; and/or (c) the redemption or extinguishment of the taxpayer's interest in the trust 12. Typically, the deed purports to deny the taxpayer any interest in capital gains of the trust, or the proportionate share of capital gains to which the taxpayer is entitled is smaller than the proportion of the trust's capital which they funded using the borrowed money. This is achieved by: (a) preventing or restricting the distribution of capital gains to the taxpayer; and/or (b) enabling the taxpayer's interest in the trust to be redeemed at face value, or face value, adjusted for inflation. 13. These restrictions may result in the taxpayer being unable to recoup their costs of investment. When the assets are sold, it may be expected that any capital gain will instead be distributed to one or more of the trust's other beneficiaries, who may have a lower tax rate. 14. Alternatively, the taxpayer's interest in the trust may be limited to capital gains made by the trustee. In such a case, income of a revenue nature may be distributed to the trust's other beneficiaries, who may have a lower tax rate. 15. The basic structure of the arrangement can be summarised diagrammatically as follows: