Goods and services tax: is the supply of brokerage services that facilitates the sale or purchase of financial products on overseas securities or futures exchanges, a GST-free supply under paragraph (a) of item 4 in the table in subsection 38-190(1) of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 ?

Yes. The supply of brokerage services that facilitates the sale or purchase of financial products on overseas securities or futures exchanges is a GST-free supply under paragraph (a) of item 4 in the table in subsection 38-190(1) of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (GST Act) (Item 4).

For the purposes of this Determination: • The broker supplies services to clients that facilitate the sale or purchase of financial products on overseas securities or futures exchanges. • The terms 'sale or purchase' and 'traded' includes equivalent dealings in financial products that require brokerage services, such as opening, closing-out, cash settling, or exercising a right in relation to a financial product. • Financial products are tradable rights having a financial character and include shares, debt instruments, options, warrants, derivatives, futures contracts, exchange traded funds, and interests in unit trusts. They do not include products involving supplies of goods or real property.

Fantastic Brokerage carries on an enterprise in Australia and supplies brokerage services to an Australian resident client who is purchasing shares on an overseas securities exchange.

The brokerage services supplied by Fantastic Brokerage are a supply made in relation to rights as they facilitate a dealing in the rights that constitute the share. As the shares are purchased on an overseas securities exchange, the rights in the shares are for use where the exchange is located.

Therefore, the supply of brokerage services by Fantastic Brokerage is a supply that is made in relation to rights that are for use outside Australia. Accordingly, the supply of brokerage services is GST-free under Item 4.

Norved Single Origin Beans (Norved) is an Australian coffee roaster who buys its green coffee beans at the prevailing world price. It uses deliverable Arabica coffee bean futures that are traded on an overseas futures exchange to hedge its exposure to the world coffee price. Norved uses Helpful Hedger Co to provide brokerage services to facilitate opening and closing-out of its futures positions.

Norved decides that coffee prices are likely to rise, so it buys (long position) a coffee beans futures contract to lock in a particular price. Entry into the futures contract involves a supply in relation to rights for the purposes of Item 4. Norved may request that Helpful Hedger closes-out the open position on the overseas exchange near the expiry date. Alternatively, Norved will hold the contract until expiry, at which time the overseas futures exchange will match Norved to a specific seller to complete a sale of goods. As the use of the rights is on the overseas futures exchange, the rights in the futures contract are for use outside Australia.

Therefore, the brokerage services provided by Helpful Hedger Co to facilitate opening or closing the futures contract position is a supply in relation to rights for use outside Australia. Accordingly, the supply of brokerage services is GST free under Item 4.

This Determination applies both before and after its date of issue. However, this Determination will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of this Determination (see paragraphs 75 and 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10).

This Determination sets out the Commissioner's views regarding how Item 4 applies to specific brokerage services. The application of Item 4 is considered more broadly in Goods and Services Tax Ruling GSTR 2003/8.

Item 4 relevantly provides that 'a supply that is made in relation to rights' is GST-free 'if... the rights are for use outside Australia'. Paragraph (b) of Item 4 is not considered in this Determination. Subsection 38-190(2) of the GST Act will not apply as brokerage services are a supply of a service not a supply of a right or an option to acquire something.

GSTR 2003/8 explains [1] that a supply of a thing is a 'supply that is made in relation to rights' if it fits within one of three categories. Category 3 refers to services directly connected with rights. If a dealing or exercise in a particular financial product on an overseas securities or futures exchange (overseas exchange) is one of rights, then the brokerage services that facilitate that dealing or exercise are directly connected to those rights. [2]

To establish if brokerage services relating to a particular financial product is a supply in relation to rights, it needs to be determined if the essential character or substance of a dealing in a financial product is one of rights. [3] This will be satisfied if a supply of the financial product can be characterised as a supply of rights (Category 1) or a supply of a thing where the value is exclusively or almost exclusively a bundle of rights (Category 2). [4] The rights must be more than incidental, for example rights in an executory contract may contribute to the supply but cannot be identified as the dominant part of the supply. [5]

Due to the financial character of financial products that are listed on overseas securities and futures exchanges, any dealings in those products are considered to be in rights. The following examples illustrate this: • A share will give rise to contractual rights and obligations between the shareholder and the company. • Debt instruments give rise to a chose in action against the debtor for repayment of the principal and other rights to periodic payments. For example bonds, debentures, floating rate notes, exchange traded notes. • Listed options and warrants and other derivatives where a right can be exercised that results in delivery of another financial product. For example, put and call options over shares, options over futures. • Non-deliverable cash settled derivatives are an exchange of rights and obligations. For example, futures contracts over share price indexes or interest rates and listed contracts for difference. • Exchange-traded funds that utilise a company or trust structure. [6]

Deliverable commodity futures contracts are an agreement to buy or sell the underlying goods. The commercial or business purpose of the futures market, discerned objectively, [7] is trading in the contracts themselves [8] . It is considered in the context of Item 4, that the essential character of a deliverable commodity futures contract, at the time that brokerage services are provided in opening or closing the position, is in the rights (to make or take delivery of the underlying goods) in the contract. This is the case even if the client intends to hold the contract until delivery is required. [9]

The remaining requirement to establish that a supply of brokerage services will be GST-free under Item 4, is to determine if the rights in the financial products are for use outside Australia. It is the intended use of those rights that is relevant to determine where the rights are for use. [10]

Given the varied nature of financial products, a client may intend to use the rights for various purposes, such as trading or reselling the financial product, exercising the rights in the financial product, or holding the product as an investment.

When financial products are acquired with the intention of reselling them on an overseas exchange, or the essential character of the financial product is to exercise a right (for example options and warrants) on an overseas exchange, the rights are for use outside Australia.

When financial products are acquired without the client having any immediate intention to exercise or resell them, other factors may be relevant. In considering the nature of the rights in the financial products and the surrounding circumstances, the jurisdiction where the relevant rights would be exercised or enforced, combined with the financial product being listed on an overseas securities or futures exchange, are relevant factors for determining if the rights are for use outside Australia. [11]

It is accepted that a broker may face the following practical difficulties in determining the use of the financial product to which the brokerage services relate: • Brokerage services may involve high volume transactions with minimal client interaction; therefore the ability to obtain specific information about a client's intended use for a specific transaction is limited. • Financial products listed on overseas exchanges may be subject to materially different legal systems and regulatory frameworks. This makes it difficult for a broker to characterise the rights and their use for each specific product.

Taking into account the difficulties described in paragraph 20, when a client buys a financial product on an overseas exchange, the location of the exchange is a reasonable method of determining where the rights in the financial product are for use. [12] Therefore, a supply of brokerage services to purchase a financial product on an overseas securities or futures exchange is GST-free. [13]

When a client is acquiring brokerage services to sell a financial product on an overseas exchange, the rights will be for use by the subsequent purchaser, not the broker's client. [14] It is accepted that it is generally not possible for the broker to identify the purchaser and their use of the financial product.

When a client sells a financial product on an overseas exchange, the new purchaser will be considered to have acquired the rights in the financial product for use outside Australia. [15] Therefore, the supply of brokerage services to sell a financial product on an overseas securities or futures exchange is GST-free.