Product Stewardship (Oil) Benefit: the meaning of the expression 'goods produced from used oil' and the terms 'filtered', 'de-watered', and 'de-mineralised' for the purposes of the Product stewardship for oil benefit scheme.

This Ruling provides the Commissioner's view regarding the meaning of the expression 'goods produced from used oil' and the terms 'filtered', 'de-watered', and 'de-mineralised' in the Product Stewardship (Oil) Act 2000 (PSO Act) and the Product Stewardship (Oil) Regulations 2000 (PSO Regulations).

This Ruling also explains: • the context of the Product stewardship for oil benefit scheme (PSO scheme); [1] • the meaning of 'recycled oil'; • the meaning of 'oils'; and • the meaning of 'used oil'.

This Ruling specifically deals with items 5 and 6 of the table to subregulation 4(1) of the PSO Regulations. However, the Commissioner's views expressed in relation to items 5 and 6, where relevant, will have application to the PSO Scheme generally. [2]

In this Ruling, unless otherwise stated, all legislative references are to the PSO Act.

The objects of the PSO scheme are to ensure the environmentally sustainable management, re-refining and re-use of used oil and to support economic recycling options for used oil. [3]

The PSO scheme is administered by the Commissioner. [4] It is governed by a statutory framework encompassing the: • PSO Act and PSO Regulations; • Product Grants and Benefits Administration Act 2000 (PGBAA) and Product Grants and Benefits Administration Regulations 2000; • Excise Act 1901 ; • Excise Tariff Act 1921 ; and • Customs Tariff Act 1995 .

The PSO Act establishes the general framework of the PSO scheme and the entitlement to a product stewardship (oil) benefit (the benefit). [5] Subregulation 4(1) of the PSO Regulations sets out the amount of benefit that applies to each category of recycled oil as follows: [6] Item Category Amount (cents/l) Valid at 01 Jul 2014 1 Re-refined base oil (for use as a lubricant or a hydraulic or transformer oil) that meets the criteria mentioned in Schedule 1 50 2 Other re-refined base oils 10 3 Diesel fuels that comply with the Fuel Standard (Automotive Diesel) Determination 2001 , as in force from time to time 7 4 Diesel extenders: (a) that are filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised; and (b) that, if combined with diesel fuels, would produce a combined fuel that complies with the Determination mentioned in item 3 5 5 High grade industrial burning oils (filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised) 5 6 Low grade industrial burning oils (filtered and de-watered) 3 7 Industrial process oils and lubricants, including hydraulic and transformer oils (re-processed or filtered, but not re-refined) 0 8 Gazetted oil consumed in Australia for a gazetted use 8.5* 9 Recycled oil mentioned in item 5 or 6 that has been blended with a petroleum product that meets the criteria mentioned in Schedule 2 9.557

The PGBAA and Product Grants and Benefits Administration Regulations 2000 set out the eligibility criteria for registration, the entitlement for the benefit and administrative mechanisms for the payment of benefits to recyclers of oil.

The Excise Act 1901 provides for the administration of excise and for the licensing of manufacturers of excisable goods. The Excise Tariff Act 1921 and Customs Tariff Act 1995 provide for the product stewardship levy on petroleum based oils and greases (and their synthetic equivalents). [7] The levy is in the form of an excise duty on domestically produced oils, greases and their synthetic equivalents; and a customs duty on similar imported oils, greases and their synthetic equivalents.

The benefit is an amount (expressed in cents per litre) that applies to a quantity of recycled oil. The benefit is paid to an oil recycler for the sale or consumption of recycled oil that they have recycled.

While there is no direct connection between the levy and the benefit, [8] the payment of the levy ensures that some of the costs of used oil recycling are borne by the markets that gain the benefit from the production and use of that oil. [9]

Neither the PSO Act nor the PSO Regulations provide statutory meanings for the terms 'filtered', 'de-watered' and 'de-mineralised'. These terms are a description of the outcomes of the processes in producing high grade industrial burning oils and low grade industrial burning oils as set out in the table to subregulation 4(1) of the PSO Regulations. [10]

You are entitled to a benefit for the sale or consumption of recycled oil that you have recycled in Australia. [11]

You are not entitled to a benefit unless you are registered for benefits under the PGBAA. [12]

You must satisfy the general [13] and specific [14] requirements for registration under the PGBAA. The general requirements for registration are that you: • satisfy any specific requirements for a benefit; • satisfy any prescribed conditions; and • hold an ABN or if you are not entitled to an ABN, you provide evidence of your identity and address as determined by the Commissioner.

You satisfy the specific registration requirements if the Commissioner is satisfied that you: • are licensed to manufacture excisable goods under Part IV of the Excise Act; [15] and • comply with relevant Commonwealth, State or Territory legislation relating to oil recycling operations or enterprises. [16]

You are not entitled to a benefit unless you make a claim for the payment of a benefit in respect of a claim period during which the entitlement arose. You must lodge your claim within three years after the start of the claim period. [17] The Commissioner must make an assessment of the amount of benefit to which you are entitled in respect of the claim period. [18]

The benefit is claimable once only on a litre of recycled oil that is recycled - at the last point in the production chain when sold for use to the end user rather than further recycling production. [19]

In this Ruling, unless otherwise stated: • a reference to: - 'benefit' is a reference to a product stewardship (oil) benefit under section 9 of the PSO Act; - 'Commissioner' is a reference to the Commissioner of Taxation; - 'excisable goods' is a reference to goods specified in the Schedule to the Excise Tariff Act 1921 on which excise duty is imposed; [20] - 'Excise Act' is a reference to the Excise Act 1901 ; - 'Excise Tariff Act' is a reference to the Excise Tariff Act 1921 ; - 'PSO scheme' is a reference to the Product stewardship for oil benefit scheme or the Product stewardship for oil benefit programme; - 'PSO benefit table' is a reference to the table contained in subregulation 4(1) of the Product Stewardship (Oil) Regulations 2000; - 'PSO Regulations' is a reference to the Product Stewardship (Oil) Regulations 2000; and - 'PGBAA' is a reference to the Product Grants and Benefits Administration Act 2000 ; and • it is assumed that you: - have met the requirements for entitlement to a benefit under section 9 of the PSO Act; - are registered for entitlement to a benefit under section 9 of the PGBAA; - are licensed to manufacture excisable goods under Part IV of the Excise Act; [21] and - comply with relevant Commonwealth, State or Territory legislation relating to oil recycling operations or enterprises. [22] This Ruling applies to partnerships and unincorporated associations as if they were a person. [23]

This Ruling applies to the class of persons or entities that produce recycled oil by 'filtering' and 'de-watering' used oil pursuant to item 6 of the PSO benefit table; or by 'filtering', 'de-watering' and 'de-mineralising' used oil pursuant to item 5 of the PSO benefit table.

You are entitled to a benefit for the sale or consumption of recycled oil that you have recycled in Australia. [24]

'Recycled oil' [25] is defined as either goods produced from used oil or used oil that has been restored to its former state. [26]

'Oils' are defined to be petroleum based oils or their synthetic equivalents or any other goods prescribed for the purposes of the definition of oil. [27]

Petroleum based oils are oils derived from the refining of crude oil (petroleum) and include lubricant base oils; hydraulic fluids; brake fluids; transmission oils; transformer and heat transfer oils and greases. [28]

The term 'used oil' [29] is defined as follows: Used oil means any oil that has been used and that, as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.

The Commissioner considers oil that is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities through its use as oil, and any subsequent contamination of this oil through storage or handling, remains 'used oil' for the purposes of the PSO Scheme.

The XYZ Trucking Company (XYZ) services its own vehicles. XYZ changes the engine oil in these vehicles every 10,000 kilometres .

As a consequence of its use, that is, as engine oil, the oil has been contaminated by physical or chemical impurities such as water and metal shavings. The oil drained out of the vehicles satisfies the description of ' used oil' .

Following on from Example 1, XYZ stores the oil drained from its vehicles in a storage tank .

During its storage, the oil becomes further contaminated with water entering the tank through the vent pipe .

As the oil has been contaminated as a consequence of its actual use and subsequent storage, the oil remains 'used oil' for the purpose of the PSO scheme .

The terms 'production' and 'produced' within the meaning of 'recycling of oils' or 'recycled oil' are not defined in the PSO Act or PSO Regulations.

Relevant to the meaning of 'recycled oil', the ordinary meaning of 'produce' includes 'manufacture'. [30]

The Commissioner considers that for the purposes of the PSO Act the term 'produced' requires that the goods in question must emerge from a process as something new or different having a distinctive [31] character or use.

The Commissioner considers that 'goods produced from used oil' are goods which are new or different having a distinctive character or use from the used oil as collected.

Where you produce recycled oil [32] from used oil, the amount of benefit payable is determined by reference to the relevant description of the recycled oil in the 'Category' column of the PSO benefit table. [33] For example, 'High grade industrial burning oils (filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised)' is specified at item 5 in the PSO benefit table.

The Commissioner considers that a recycling process which consists only of filtering and de-watering used oil would not, by itself, result in something that is new or different having a distinctive character or use. Rather, in keeping with the findings of Deputy President Alpins in Cooper Bros , [33A] such a process would result in an end product which is 'not relevantly different from the used oil in either its physical characteristics or in its utility'. [33B] Accordingly, although a reference to low grade industrial burning oils remains in item 6 of the PSO benefit table, the Commissioner considers ( post-Cooper Bros ) that an entitlement to a benefit does not arise for these oils. [33C]

Gianni is an oil recycler. Gianni collects used oil of varying type and quality from multiple sources.

Upon arrival at his depot, Gianni drains any free water from the road tanker and then pumps the used oil through a fine filter mesh screen into a large storage tank to remove any solid or semi-solid contaminants.

The filtered oil is then de-watered [33D] over time using gravity settling. The de-watering process is concluded following an inspection by Gianni that the water content has reduced to the extent that is commercially marketable. The oil is then tested to ensure, among other things, that the oil is compliant with local council and State environmental legislation and that it satisfies customer specifications when sold as 'low grade burner fuel'.

The low grade burner fuel is not a new and different product with a distinctive character or use. The burner fuel 'merely contains less water and other extrinsic impurities than the used oil'. [33E] The burner fuel does not inherently have a different utility to that out of which it was made, [33F] and is 'merely better able to be used for the same purpose'. [33G]

Gianni has not produced a good for the purposes of the PSO scheme.

The 'low grade burner fuel' is not 'goods produced from used oil' and it therefore does not meet the definition of 'recycled oil' in the PSO Act. [33H] As a consequence Gianni is ineligible for a benefit for the low grade burner fuel.

This example can be contrasted with Example 6 below in which used oil is subjected to an additional step of 'demineralisation'. This additional step results in the removal of impurities that are more intrinsic in nature (than the water and other extrinsic impurities removed by filtering and de-watering alone).

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Rose is a waste oil collector and recycler. For her larger clients, Rose provides a 1,500 litre tank for the collection and accumulation of used oil .

To prevent physical contaminants (such as nuts, bolts and rags) from entering the storage tank, the tank has a coarse metal screen filter at the inlet. The purpose of this metal screen filter is to protect pumping equipment from damage when transferring the used oil from the tank to the road tanker .

As a result of the used oil's storage, some water (free water) in the used oil settles to the bottom of the storage tank .

Rose collects the used oil on a regular basis. Rose pumps the free water from the bottom of the tank into a compartment of her road tanker by use of a flexible spear. Once the transfer of free water is complete, the used oil is then transferred to a separate compartment on the road tanker .

Rose transports the used oil directly to a customer who uses the used oil as burner oil in a brick kiln .

Rose's activities at her client's premises are part of the collection and transportation of used oils .

Rose has not produced 'recycled oil' from used oil as the coarse screening of the nuts and bolts and the removal of some free water does not result in something new or different having a distinctive character from the used oil as collected .

The terms 'filtered', 'de-watered', and 'de-mineralised' are a description of the outcomes of actions or processes involved in the recycling of oil. These terms are not defined in the PSO Act or PSO Regulations.

Low grade industrial burning oils (as prescribed in the PSO benefit table) involve filtering and de-watering used oil only while high grade industrial burning oils (as prescribed in that table) are produced by filtering, de-watering and de-mineralising used oil.

The Commissioner considers that used oil has been 'filtered' if suspended impurities or solid contaminants (such as metal shavings or dirt) have been removed (fully or partially) from the used oil.

The Commissioner considers that used oil is 'de-watered' if it has been subjected to a process that removes (fully or partially) the water present in the used oil.

Di Waste Oils Pty Ltd (Di) is a waste management company that collects various used oils, coolants (glycol and water) and other hazardous liquids.

These waste liquids are collected from several sites in a single journey. During collection, the waste liquids are pumped into a tanker through a metal screen. By detecting audible changes in pump speed caused by variations in the viscosity of liquid passing through it, the tanker operator switches from one segregated part of the tanker to another to separate the fluids according to the relative viscosity. This is done in order to optimise the separation of less viscous fluids which will be directly disposed of by Di as hazardous waste, from other higher viscosity hydrocarbon liquids.

At Di's depot, the tanker's compartments containing the less viscous liquids are disposed of as hazardous waste. The higher viscosity liquids (comprising primarily used oils and hydraulic fluids) are pumped through a filter bag into a large fixed waste oil storage tank. The filter bag removes small particles of wear metal and other solid or semi-solid contaminants.

The oil in the waste oil tank is then pumped through a heat exchange where it is heated to a suitable temperature (to reduce the viscosity of the oil which assists with separation) and passed through a centrifuge to remove any remaining solids and water suspended within the oil. The oil is then tested to ensure, among other things, that the oil is compliant with local council and State environmental legislation and that it meets customer specifications. The oil is then sold as 'low grade burner fuel'.

Analogous to example 3 above, the low grade burner fuel is not a new and different product with a distinctive character or use. The burner fuel 'merely contains less water and other extrinsic impurities than the used oil'. [33I] The burner fuel does not inherently have a different utility to that out of which it was made, [33J] and is 'merely better able to be used for the same purpose'. [33K]

Di has not produced a good for the purposes of the PSO scheme.

Di is not entitled to a benefit as the low grade burner oil does not meet the definition of 'recycled oil' (that is 'goods produced from used oil').

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The Commissioner considers that used oil is 'de-mineralised' if it has been subjected to a process that removes (fully or partially) soluble and insoluble metal elements; and inorganic materials and minerals (such as salts and additives) in the used oil.

Further to Example 3, Gianni successfully tenders for the supply of high grade industrial burning oil .

To produce the high grade industrial burning oil, Gianni is required to further treat the previously filtered and de-watered oil. To remove certain soluble and insoluble metals and inorganic materials and minerals from the used oil, the used oil needs to be de-mineralised .

Gianni adds a quantity of sulphuric acid and a chemical surface-active reagent, called a surfactant. This causes the oil to separate into two phases, that is, oil and water-based or aqueous. The reagent causes soluble metals and other contaminants to accumulate in the aqueous phase and settle to the bottom of the tank where they are drained off as slurry .

The oil then undergoes centrifugal separation to remove any remaining fine particles suspended in the oil .

Gianni samples and tests the oil to ensure the oil meets his customer's specifications for high grade industrial burning oil .

The high grade industrial burning oil produced by Gianni is 'recycled oil' that is new or different having a distinctive character from the used oil as collected. The ' recycled oil' is ' goods produced from used oil' .

Gianni is entitled to a category 5 benefit as the recycled oil meets the description of high grade industrial burning oil. That is, as a consequence of the used oil being filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised .

This Ruling applies both before and after its date of issue. However, the Ruling will not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Ruling (see paragraphs 75 to 76 of Taxation Ruling TR 2006/10).

You are entitled to a benefit for the sale or consumption of recycled oil that you have recycled in Australia. [35]

To be entitled to claim a benefit, you must: • be registered; • hold a licence to manufacture excisable goods under Part IV of the Excise Act; and • comply with any Commonwealth, State or Territory legislation relating to oil recycling operations. [36]

The terms 'recycled oil' or 'recycling of oils' are defined in subsection 6(1) as: recycled oil means: (a) goods produced from used oil; or (b) used oil that has been restored to its former state. [37] recycling of oils means: (a) the production of goods from used oils; or (b) the restoring of used oils to their former state. [38]

The Commissioner considers the term 'recycled oil' describes the type of recycled oils; whereas the term 'recycling of oils' is a reference to the process or processes that results in a recycled oil.

The term 'oils' is defined in subsection 6(1) as follows: oils : the following are oils: (a) petroleum based oils (including lubricant base oils; prepared lubricant additives containing carrier oils; lubricants for engines, gear sets, pumps and bearings; greases; hydraulic fluids; brake fluids; transmission oils; and transformer and heat transfer oils); (b) synthetic equivalents of goods covered by paragraph (a); (c) any other goods prescribed for the purposes of this definition. [39]

The Commissioner considers petroleum based oil does not include an oil derived from plant or animal matter, for example a vegetable oil. Petroleum based oil is oil derived from the refining of crude oil (petroleum).

The expression 'synthetic equivalents of goods covered by paragraph (a)' of the definition of 'oils' is a reference to lubricants, oils and greases consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made (synthesized) from compounds other than crude oil (petroleum) or are manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components.

Lubricants, oils and greases are said to be synthetic if they are manufactured (generally by a chemical reaction process at a chemical plant) as opposed to petroleum based oils derived from the refining of petroleum.

Synthetic lubricants, oils and greases (synthetics) are typically long chain hydrocarbon, polyalphaolefin, polyalkylene glycol, dibasic acid ester or polyol ester compounds.

Synthetics are equivalent to petroleum based oils if they are engineered to perform the same function as conventional petroleum based oils. Synthetics are substitutes for petroleum based oils.

Synthetics are sometimes mixed with conventional petroleum based oils to produce a cost-effective product which is referred to as a 'semi' or 'part-synthetic' oil or grease.

Subsection 6(1) defines 'used oil' to be: any oil that has been used and that, as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.

The Commissioner considers that any oil [40] that is employed for a use as oil, and as a result of that use, is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities is 'used oil' for the purposes of the PSO Act.

Physical impurities may include (but are not limited to) metal shavings and dirt. Chemical impurities may include (but are not limited to) metal elements, solvents, glycol and water.

Used oil that subsequently becomes further contaminated through its storage or handling is 'used oil' for the purposes of the PSO Scheme. For instance, motor oil that has been used in a vehicle and subsequently becomes contaminated with foreign material (such as bolts, nuts and washers) or other impurities (such as water or glycol) during its collection, handling or storage remains 'used oil'.

The terms 'production' and 'produced' in the definitions of 'recycling of oils' or 'recycled oil' (respectively) are not defined by the PSO Act or PSO Regulations.

The Macquarie Dictionary [41] defines 'production' and 'produced' respectively as follows: Production noun 1. the act of producing; creation; manufacture. 2. that which is produced; a product. 3. Economics the creation of value; the producing of articles having an exchangeable value. 4. the total amount produced. Produced verb (t ) to bring into existence; give rise to; cause: to produce steam . 3. Economics to create (something having an exchangeable value). 4. to bring forth; bear; give birth to. 5. to yield; provide, furnish, or supply: a mine producing silver . 10. to bring forth or yield offspring, products, etc. 11. Economics to create value; bring crops, goods, etc., into a state in which they will command a price. noun 12. that which is produced; yield; product. 13. agricultural or natural products collectively.

The Australian Oxford Dictionary [42] defines 'produce' as: 2 manufacture (goods) from raw materials etc. 3 bear or yield (offspring, fruit, a harvest etc). 4 bring into existence.

Relevant to the meaning of 'recycled oil', the ordinary meaning of 'produce' includes 'manufacture'.

In Caltex Australia Petroleum Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation [43] (Caltex) the Federal Court was required to consider the phrase 'manufactured or produced' for the purposes of the Excise Tariff Act. Sundberg J cited with approval the judgement of Lockhart J in Commissioner of Taxation v. Jax Tyres Pty Ltd [44] (Jax Tyres) in the context of sales tax legislation: To manufacture an article necessarily involves producing a different article from the articles, materials or ingredients from which it was made. As Darling J. said in McNicol v. Pinch (1906) 2 K.B. 352 at p. 361: 'I think the essence of making or of manufacturing is that what is made shall be a different thing from that out of which it is made.' That passage was approved and applied by Dixon J. in Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Jack Zinader Pty Ltd (1949) 78 CLR 336 - the leading case in this field. Whether the article which results from the process of manufacturing is a different article from the constituents or ingredients from which it was made is a question of fact: the Jack Zinader case. 'Production', ...is a word of wide import; but it still involves the element of producing something different from the materials from which it was made. It is not possible to formulate precise definitions of such general terms as 'manufacture'' and 'production''; but they do not bear a restricted meaning. Whatever answers the description of 'manufacture'' or 'production'' of goods according to accepted usage of the English language is within the Act. [45] [Emphasis added]

In Caltex , Sundberg J, in relying on Jax Tyres , [46] held that for the purposes of section 5 of the Excise Tariff Act, goods are manufactured or produced if they have emerged from a process as a 'new and different article ... having a distinctive character or use'. [47]

Whilst the above decisions are in a different legislative context, the Commissioner considers that the courts' reasoning equally applies and the same meaning should be attributed to the terms 'produce' or 'production' for the purposes of the PSO Act.

It follows that the term 'produced' requires that the goods in question must emerge from a process as a new or different article having a distinctive character or use. The ordinary meaning of 'distinctive' means 'distinguishing; serving to distinguish' and the ordinary meaning of 'distinguish' means 'different'. [48] In particular circumstances the difference in character may be slight or it may be great.

In determining whether you have 'goods produced from used oil' it is necessary for the goods to be new or different having a distinctive character or use from the used oil as collected.

Some factors to be taken into consideration in determining whether a thing is different from that out of which it was made were discussed in the High Court by Windeyer J in M.P. Metals Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation : [49] ...Identity and difference, as concepts, must always be related to some quality of the thing or things in respect of which identity or difference is to be determined. It may be colour, shape, chemical composition or any other quality. To speak of 'substantial differences', as distinct from small differences, means little or nothing, unless some quality of the thing is postulated as its essential.

It will be a question of fact and degree in relation to which an exercise in judgement is involved as to whether the end product constitutes something new or a different thing having a distinctive character or use. This involves a process of evaluating and weighing a range of factors for the particular circumstance.

In determining, whether the recycled oil is something new or different having a distinctive character or use from the used oil, the Commissioner will have regard to the following factors: • changes in physical or chemical properties (for example, ash content, water by distillation or gross calorific value); • type of used oil being processed (for example transformer oil, used engine oils or commingled used oils); and • extent to which used oil has been filtered, de-watered or de-mineralised. The relevance and weighting afforded to the above factors [50] will vary according to the facts of the individual case.

Prior to the Administrative Appeal Tribunal's decision in Cooper Bros , the Commissioner was of the view a recycling process which consists of filtering and de-watering only could result in something new or different having a distinctive character or use. Taking into account the Tribunal's decision and reasoning, the Commissioner no longer considers this to be the case. [50A] It follows that the low grade industrial burner oils referred to in item 6 in the PSO benefit table could not be 'goods produced from used oil'. It further follows that these oils could not meet the definition of 'recycled oil' and that a benefit could not arise for their sale or consumption. [50B]

Where you produce recycled oil from used oil the amount of benefit payable is determined by reference to the relevant description of the recycled oil in the 'Category' column of the PSO benefit table. [51] For example, 'High grade industrial burning oils (filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised)' is specified at item 5 in the PSO benefit table.

The Explanatory Memorandum to the Product Stewardship (Oil) Bill 2000 explains the impact of the PSO scheme on waste oil collectors: Impact on Waste Oil Collectors Although it is not intended that collectors will be direct recipients of a levy, or directly participate in any trading of certificates, they should nevertheless benefit from the product stewardship system proposed. The increased value given to waste oil through the product stewardship system levy will flow, virtually immediately, to approved recyclers. This should have the effect of improving the operating margins of recyclers, and causing them to require greater quantities of oil. With recyclers competitively seeking more oil, the collectors in turn should be better placed commercially to achieve better margins on existing quantities, or go further afield in search of new sources of waste oil. [52]

The Commissioner considers the PSO scheme is not intended to directly benefit collectors of used oil (that is, through the payment of a benefit).

Notwithstanding the PSO scheme is a beneficial scheme designed to encourage the recycling of oils, the Commissioner considers that filtering and de-watering processes would not result in the production of recycled oil that is new or different having a different character or use from the used oil as collected.

A waste oil collector's activities are to facilitate the collection and transportation of used oil to recycling facilities or other premises and therefore are not for the purposes of producing recycled oil.

The Commissioner considers that the following initial processes [53] performed by a waste oil collector do not constitute the production of recycled oil: • the coarse filtering to screen out solid objects such as nuts, washers and bolts from used oil as it is pumped into a truck's collection tank; • the removal of water (de-watering) due to settling in a truck's collection tank as part of the collection of used oil; or • de-watering due to settling of used oil in a tank or other receptacle at workshops, industrial premises or other places where it has been accumulated before being pumped into a truck's collection tank.

Where a waste oil collector does not produce recycled oil there is no requirement for the collector to be licensed to manufacture excisable goods under Part IV of the Excise Act or registered for the purposes of the PSO scheme.

The terms 'filtered', 'de-watered', and 'de-mineralised' are a description of the outcomes of actions or processes involved in the recycling of oil. [54] These terms are not defined in the PSO Act or PSO Regulations.

Low grade industrial burning oils (filtered and de-watered) or high grade industrial burning oils (filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised) require a combination of 2 or 3 processes respectively.

Low grade industrial burning oils are more likely to contain undesirable contaminants that can be burnt in appropriate applications. Low grade industrial burning oils can be used as a fuel in brickwork, cement and lime kilns.

The higher benefit paid for 'High grade industrial burning oils' [55] reflects the higher level of recycling performed (that is, the requirement for the oil to also be de-mineralised) and the consequent lower level of contaminants associated with the product. High grade industrial burning oils can be used in industrial and marine applications requiring a cleaner burner fuel.

The Macquarie Dictionary [56] defines 'filter' as follows: noun 1. any device in which cloth, paper, porous porcelain, or a layer of charcoal or sand, is held and through which liquid is passed to remove suspended impurities or to recover solids. verb (t ) 6. to remove by the action of a filter. 7. to act as a filter for. 8. to cause to pass through, or as through, a filter. verb (i ) 9. to percolate; pass through or as through a filter.

The following filters are typically used by the oil recycling industry: [57] • bag filters; • screen filters; • filter pads; • bentonite clay filter; • activated clay filter; and • centrifugal separators.

The removal of suspended impurities or solid contaminants from used oil is typically achieved by passing used oil through a filter or series of filters.

The effectiveness of the filter depends on the size and type of filter being utilised relative to the contaminants present in the used oil. For example, a 400 micron [58] bag filter is not designed to remove (that is, filter out) contaminants with a particle size measuring 350 microns.

The Commissioner considers that used oil has been 'filtered' if suspended impurities or solid contaminants have been removed (fully or partially) from the used oil.

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To understand the meaning of the term 'de-watered' in the context of used oil recycling, it is necessary to understand how water co-exists with oil.

Water can exist in oil in three states or phases being dissolved water, emulsified water and free water.

Dissolved water refers to individual water molecules dispersed throughout the oil. Dissolved water in oil is a function of its environment - the relative humidity, temperature and type of oil determines the content of dissolved water in oil.

Emulsified water is a reference to water that has been mixed and homogenised in oil to form an emulsion. Emulsion can occur when the amount of water in the oil has exceeded the maximum level for it to remain dissolved. At this point, water is suspended in the oil in microscopic droplets. When this happens in lubricating oils, the oil is said to be cloudy or hazy.

Free water is water that is free to separate and settle to the base of a reservoir or storage tank.

The meaning of 'de-watering' has been described as: Water is found in used oil as free water or bound water, for example in emulsions. The term dewatering (sic) is usually taken to mean the removal of free water. Where water has been emulsified with oil, the emulsion has to be 'broken' with a de-emulsifier before the water can be separated from the oil. Dewatering (sic) is a simple process relying on the separation of aqueous and oil phases over time under the influence of gravity. The used oil is allowed to stand in a tank (raw waste oil) and free water drops to the bottom where it can be drained, treated (waste water treatment) and discharged appropriately to sewer or stormwater depending on quality and local regulations. [59]

The following de-watering methods are typically used by the oil recycling industry: • gravity settling; • application of heat; • centrifuge; • de-emulsifiers (application of chemicals); and • flash evaporation. [60]

Gravity settling does not remove emulsified water. The removal of emulsified water in used oil requires further processing of the oil than simply gravity settling as the emulsion must be 'broken apart' for water to separate from the oil. Common methods used by the oil recycling industry to remove emulsified water include the application of heat and the use of de-emulsifiers.

De-watering results in the separation of oil and water. The 'oily water' by-product is then treated and disposed of in accordance with local and state/territory requirements.

For the purposes of the PSO scheme de-watering entails the removal (fully or partially) of free water, dissolved water or emulsified water or any combination of these states.

The extent to which used oil is de-watered is ultimately determined by the type and quality of the recycled oil.

The Commissioner considers that used oil is de-watered if it has been subjected to a process that removes (fully or partially) the water present in the used oil.

In the context of used oil recycling, it is appropriate to have regard to the generally accepted meaning of 'de-mineralised' within the oil recycling industry.

Filtering and de-mineralisation in the context of the PSO Scheme have been described as: The purpose of filtering and demineralisation (sic) is to remove inorganic materials and certain additives from used oil to produce a cleaner burner fuel or feed for re-refining. [61]

An independent review of the PSO scheme considered (after consultation with the oil recycling industry) that: Demineralisation (sic) is a process involving removal of metals and other inorganics from the used oil, with a mild form of sulphuric acid treatment. An acidic sludge is produced as a waste stream and this must be treated and disposed of in an appropriate manner. [62]

Soluble and insoluble metal elements and other inorganic materials and minerals (such as salts and additives) may be present in the used oil (depending on the type or mixture of the used oil) as a consequence of its use. Used oil may contain metals such as arsenic, antimony, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, potassium, sodium, sulphur and vanadium. This is not an exhaustive list and it is recognised that used oil may contain other metals and compounds.

The effectiveness of de-mineralisation is dependent on the type and quality of the used oil being processed and the level of treatment applied.

A typical process of de-mineralisation involves the use of a chemical surface-active reagent known as a surfactant. The surfactant causes the used oil to break into two phases, being oil and water-based or aqueous. The surfactant causes the contaminants in the used oil to accumulate in the aqueous phase, which settle to the bottom of a tank as a slurry. The slurry contains metals and some of the oil additives. The slurry is then drained off, dried and disposed of appropriately.

De-mineralisation results in a 'de-mineralised' oil and a by-product containing contaminants (such as metals and certain additives) which is then disposed of in accordance with local and state/territory requirements.

The Commissioner recognises that the use of chemical surface-active reagents is only one method of de-mineralising used oils and that other methods can be used to remove soluble and insoluble metals, inorganic materials and oil additives. [63]

The Commissioner considers that used oil is de-mineralised if it has been subjected to a process that removes (fully or partially) soluble and insoluble metals, inorganic materials and minerals (such as salts and additives) in the used oil.

The removal of solid metals and non-metallic contaminants solely by filtering is not de-mineralisation for the purposes of the PSO Regulations - de-mineralisation requires the removal of contaminants that cannot be filtered out. The purpose of de-mineralisation is to produce a cleaner burner fuel or feed oil for refining and as such requires used oil to be treated beyond the filtering and de-watering necessary for low grade industrial burning oils.

The following is a detailed contents list for this Ruling: Paragraph What this Ruling is about 1 Background 5 Product Stewardship (Oil) Benefit Scheme 13 Interpretation 19 Class of person 20 Ruling 21 Entitlement to a benefit 21 Meaning of 'recycled oil' 22 Meaning of 'oils' 23 Meaning of 'used oil' 25 Example 1: used oil 27 Example 2: used oil 29 Goods produced from used oil 32 Example 4: goods not produced from used oil 44 'Filtered, 'de-watered' and 'de-mineralised' 51 Filtered 53 De-watered 54 De-mineralised 62 Example 6: goods produced from used oil - high grade industrial burning oils (filtered, de-watered and de-mineralised) 63 Date of effect 70 Appendix 1 - Explanation 71 Entitlement to a benefit 71 Meaning of 'recycled oil' 73 Meaning of 'oils' 75 Meaning of 'used oil' 82 Goods produced from used oil 86 ' Production' or 'Produced' 87 The PSO scheme is not intended to apply to collectors 99 'Filtered', 'de-watered' and 'de-mineralised' 105 Filtered 109 De-watered 115 De-mineralised 127 Appendix 2 - Detailed contents list 137